Human Resource Letter

Dear Ms. xxxxxx: As all Rite Aid policies, please consider this letter a formal complaint against Mrs. Maria Mejia for intimidation along with failing to pay proper wages. First and foremost, my name is blah blah and I was hired on December xx, 20xx as a supervisor at store # 1234. I am writing to express my disappointment with the company. I started with a high desire to work for a company that offered a high principle of ethics, honor, and respect for its employees. Now a little over two months later I am presenting my resignation. Unfortunately I was placed in a store that is very unorganized and not properly managed. Approximately three weeks after being hired I was given the responsibility of closing without the proper tools to do so. Yet, I ensured the daily tasks were completed to the best of my ability. Still, Mrs. xxx was rarely pleased with the outcome. On several occasions while she was instructing me of my duties she would use terms like â€Å"you better†, and also she would remind me that I was on a 90-day probation. I considered it unprofessional for her to use such phrases to intimidate me. I felt as if she was insinuating that she had control over me and she had the authority to fire me when she pleased. While giving orders her tone of voice was rarely polite. Mrs. Mejia has a recording of a discussion both her and I had, where she is giving me feedback and advise about my responsibilities, that day she was actually very courteous and polite. Though majority of the time while approaching her employees she tends to be very demanding. Most employees at this store would agree that they are unappreciated by her, and their accomplishments are almost never acknowledged. It is difficult to work with such an insatiable manager. Also, during the hiring process I was told that as a supervisor I was guaranteed 35 to 40 hours a week, the first two or three weeks there was no problem, however as I gained experience and more responsibility my hours were cut down to 25 hours a week. When I asked her if there was a reason why, she simply claimed that she has no payroll to ay for more hours. However certain non-management employees were give 40 hours or more. Constantly Mrs. Maria Mejia requests employees to come in on their days off or before their scheduled time due to her lack of organization and responsibility. On several occasions that included January 19, 2013 and January 29, 2013, I was asked to work without a lunch and I would be paid a lunch premium. To this date I have worked about 4 shifts without a lunch break and ha ve only been paid one lunch premium. I have been employed by Rite Aid for about over two months now and have not received my system log in, which causes me not being able to provide manager approvals and overrides for the employees. As a supervisor I am also aware that it is unlawful to have employees work of the clock, still Mrs. Mejia would ask me to have the employees work off the clock and she would fix their clock-in at a later time. Ms. Jxxxx Nxxxx and Mr. xxxx xxxxx have also witnessed the irresponsibility portrayed by the manager. On February 14, 2013 The aforementioned incidents have brought me mental anxiety, which has forced me to resign to my position. It is my opinion such behavior does not conform to Rite Aid policies of appropriate workplace behavior as set out in the company’s Code of Ethics and Business Conduct. I feel violated by Mrs. Mejia’s behavior and believe that I have been mistreated. I am aware that lodging a complaint against Mrs. Maria Mejia will require a formal investigation and I am prepared to participate as needed. I appreciate your time and I apologize for the length of this letter, however I felt the need to express my uncomfortable experience. Human Resource Letter Dear Ms. xxxxxx: As all Rite Aid policies, please consider this letter a formal complaint against Mrs. Maria Mejia for intimidation along with failing to pay proper wages. First and foremost, my name is blah blah and I was hired on December xx, 20xx as a supervisor at store # 1234. I am writing to express my disappointment with the company. I started with a high desire to work for a company that offered a high principle of ethics, honor, and respect for its employees. Now a little over two months later I am presenting my resignation. Unfortunately I was placed in a store that is very unorganized and not properly managed. Approximately three weeks after being hired I was given the responsibility of closing without the proper tools to do so. Yet, I ensured the daily tasks were completed to the best of my ability. Still, Mrs. xxx was rarely pleased with the outcome. On several occasions while she was instructing me of my duties she would use terms like â€Å"you better†, and also she would remind me that I was on a 90-day probation. I considered it unprofessional for her to use such phrases to intimidate me. I felt as if she was insinuating that she had control over me and she had the authority to fire me when she pleased. While giving orders her tone of voice was rarely polite. Mrs. Mejia has a recording of a discussion both her and I had, where she is giving me feedback and advise about my responsibilities, that day she was actually very courteous and polite. Though majority of the time while approaching her employees she tends to be very demanding. Most employees at this store would agree that they are unappreciated by her, and their accomplishments are almost never acknowledged. It is difficult to work with such an insatiable manager. Also, during the hiring process I was told that as a supervisor I was guaranteed 35 to 40 hours a week, the first two or three weeks there was no problem, however as I gained experience and more responsibility my hours were cut down to 25 hours a week. When I asked her if there was a reason why, she simply claimed that she has no payroll to ay for more hours. However certain non-management employees were give 40 hours or more. Constantly Mrs. Maria Mejia requests employees to come in on their days off or before their scheduled time due to her lack of organization and responsibility. On several occasions that included January 19, 2013 and January 29, 2013, I was asked to work without a lunch and I would be paid a lunch premium. To this date I have worked about 4 shifts without a lunch break and ha ve only been paid one lunch premium. I have been employed by Rite Aid for about over two months now and have not received my system log in, which causes me not being able to provide manager approvals and overrides for the employees. As a supervisor I am also aware that it is unlawful to have employees work of the clock, still Mrs. Mejia would ask me to have the employees work off the clock and she would fix their clock-in at a later time. Ms. Jxxxx Nxxxx and Mr. xxxx xxxxx have also witnessed the irresponsibility portrayed by the manager. On February 14, 2013 The aforementioned incidents have brought me mental anxiety, which has forced me to resign to my position. It is my opinion such behavior does not conform to Rite Aid policies of appropriate workplace behavior as set out in the company’s Code of Ethics and Business Conduct. I feel violated by Mrs. Mejia’s behavior and believe that I have been mistreated. I am aware that lodging a complaint against Mrs. Maria Mejia will require a formal investigation and I am prepared to participate as needed. I appreciate your time and I apologize for the length of this letter, however I felt the need to express my uncomfortable experience.

Ingvar Kampradi: Wealthy Man, Frugal Man, Entrepreneur Extraordinair

Introduction Ingvar Kamprad, Swedish born citizen and founder and former CEO of Ingvar Kamprad Elmtaryd and Agunnaryd or better known as IKEA. Kamprad created a one of a kind furniture company that has become the largest furniture store in the world. The uniqueness is because they company specializes in everything being able to be broken down and shipped, â€Å"from furniture to the now famous mobile kitchens- could be packed in flat, stackable boxes (Nelson and Quick, 2011-438)†. His way of running the company is based on creativity, hard work and being frugal in his own life as well as the way he runs his company.So frugal that when employees travel they must share hotel rooms, a policy not carried in any major company. The philosophies that he has developed for IKEA are distinctive and have provided a successful way of being very profitable. Kamprad’s leadership characteristics have made him a very wealthy entrepreneur and admirable person but with a dark past. A pas t that he does not deny but states that he has learned from this and according to some has a message to send to other that carries great wisdom. Issues Addressed Kamprad’s company IKEA has been on the rise along with that his personal problems also increased.Alcoholism, his history of Nazi affiliation, and store openings where people died were his biggest problems. Even during his personal problems he never failed to provide creativity for IKEA and to make sure the company was on the right track. He always found a way to lead his company in the direction to be successful despite his personal life. His appreciation for what it takes to be successful and the knowledge that he realizes â€Å"there are no guarantees to economic success tomorrow apart from hard work (Nelson and Quick, 2011-438). Answering the Questions 1. Kamprad is the manager of IKEA, while he is not the CEO he still continues to run the company. He is always trying to create any new ideas, and develop philosop hies to make the company better for their customers and employees. Kamprad is a leader because: he does not sit around pointing fingers and collecting money, but he is out there working to make IKEA a better company every chance he can. Continuing his innovative efforts so the company can be ne of a kind and cater to the people and through all his personal problems and personal achievements the company was always placed at the top of the list; â€Å"he likes to say that IKEA is his fourth child (Nelson and Quick, 2011-438). † 2. Kamprad encouraged a level of followership that has made IKEA a unique company. This followership that he created makes people want to work for IKEA and create new ideas. His philosophies are exceptional and out of the box; his claims of â€Å"we dare to do it a different way (Nelson and Quick, 2011-438)† Kamprad says about IKEA.The way he created IKEA and the way he makes sure the company draws people into being involved. People not only want to shop at his stores, but they want to be a part of the company anyway they can. 3. Kamprad does not want his employees to be sheep or yes men but effective active followers that are independent critical thinkers. Some of Kamprad’s leadership characteristics are â€Å"directive, supportive, participative and achievement oriented (Nelson and Quick, 2011- 413). According to the leadership grid Kamprad is deep in the 9, 1 quadrant which is â€Å"Authority-Compliance management: efficiency in operations results from arranging conditions of work in such a way that human elements interfere to a minimum degree (Nelson and Quick, 2011- 409). † 4. Leadership of Kamprad †¢Transactional – uses effort for reward because how much effort employees put into the company, means how much reward they or the company will receive. †¢Transformational – motivates his people to work for the prosperity of the company and not just for themselves. His vision about IKEA helps bond his followers/ employees to IKEA. He is charismatic – focusing on creating a message with his philosophies and connecting with his followers emotionally. †¢Authentic – role model towards the people due to his developing ingenuity and philosophies. 5. Key leadership lessons that can be observed by Kamprad’s experiences: a. Creativity & uniqueness b. Hard manual work c. Work hard but work smart d. Delegate less and get more involved, do not be afraid to be different, and listen to my people. Conclusions Ingvar Kamprad developed very young starting his business; selling matches and cards from his bicycle and later expanding his business to elling fish, Christmas decorations and pens and pencils. This small town boy from went on to build a company from a cash reward given to him by his father for doing well in academics, Ingvar Kamprad built a company that generated â€Å"more than $33 billion in revenue and nearly $4 billion in net income in 2011 ( http://topics. bloomberg. com/ingvar-kamprad/). † He was known as a very frugal man that had a dark past but he learned from his past explaining that his Nazi affiliations where the greatest mistake of his life. He said this because while he was not proud of being affiliated with this organization he learned a lot from being part of it.He learned to not waist anything, do not take money for granted and keep in common the one thing all rich people have; which is to leave beneath your means. ? References Bloomberg. Bloomber. com, http://topics. bloomberg. com/ingvar-kamprad/ Global Business leaders. http://www. globalbusinessleaders. org/WebPage/LeaderBio. aspx? leaderCd=l005&levelcd=c03r045 Nelson, D. & Campbell-Quick, J. , (2011). Organizational Behavior: Science, the Real World and You. (7th ed. ). Canada: South-Western Cengage Learning. Pace, Joe. The Workplace: Today and Tomorrow. The Professional Development Series, Book One.

Haig: Butcher of the Somme?

â€Å"HAIG WAS A BUTCHER WHO THOUGHT NOTHING OF SENDING MEN TO THEIR DEATHS. † DO YOU AGREE? Field Marshal Douglas Haig was a British senior officer during World War 1. He commanded the British Expeditionary Force from 1915 to the end of the War. This meant that he was in charge of the Battle of the Somme. His part in this battle has led to split views on him as an army officer. Some believe that his tactic was poor and he was mindlessly sending men to their deaths. However, some believe that the Somme was actually not a disaster and that Haig employed a good tactic.I will explored both sides of the argument and then conclude with my overall view on whether Haig was a â€Å"butcher† or not. ~0~ There are several reasons why Haig was or was not a â€Å"butcher†. I’m going to start off with a reason why I think he was a â€Å"butcher†. The reason was his location during the Battle of the Somme. He was situated in the luxuries of a chateau a whole fift y miles behind the line. This meant that, to be perfectly honest, Haig had next to no idea as to what was going on in the battle. This is backed up by Source D where the differences between a rehearsal and a real attack.The Sergeant Major says that the â€Å"absence of the general† is one. This clearly shows that Haig was nowhere to be seen when war broke – thus out showing his cowardice. My point about Haig having no idea about what was going on is proved by Source B where there is an extract written by Haig about the first day of the attack. It is clear that he was not there and is clueless as the report is simply wrong. The fact that he was clueless and thought that the battle was going well meant that he didn’t change his tactic. This was not really his fault you could say – he was ill informed.However, what facts say is that he wouldn’t have to be informed at all if he was nearer to the battle and so would have known that his tactic was not wo rking. Haig’s perseverance of his tactic is what he is most criticised for and this mistake was very preventable but for Haig’s cowardice. Another reason that also supports Haig being a â€Å"butcher† is his military strategy. This was just poor. He employed a tactic in which the plan was to simply kill as many Germans as possible. However, as Source F describes, â€Å"it is not a strategy at all, it’s slaughter†. This, he knew would mean there would be losses, too.He explains this in Source A where he says that: â€Å"the nation must be taught to bear losses†. This may be him being a realist, however I reckon he is just using this statement to cover his back. So if there are many losses he cannot be blamed. However, even if there were always going to be sacrifices – I think that 20,000 British dead on the first morning with 600,000 Allies in total dead is more than anyone could have foreseen or accounted for. Furthermore, after the r idiculous losses on the first morning alone, you would have thought that anyone would have made some big changes – preferably tactics-wise.However, no, his perseverance or negligence is clear to see as the Somme bears huge casualties and is seen by most as slaughter of the British troops. His plan of action was also pathetic as it involved many presumptions that were just wrong. He had presumed that the barrage would completely destroy the barbed wire so the troops would be able to just walk – as they did, shoulder to shoulder – across No Man’s Land. However, all that happened to the barbed wire is that it was lifted up but then brought back down by the force of the explosions. So, if anything, it was in even more of a tangle than before. Source C backs this up.It states: â€Å"it was clear that there were no gaps in the wire at the time of the attack. This slowed the men down, as they had to cut there way through it. This was not planned for. Haig had a lso counted on the German Trenches being obliterated. He had thought that, after the trip over No Man’s Land, there would be very few opposing Germans. He thought that all of them would have been killed during the barrage and it wouldn’t be able to be easier for the troops. This is what they were told. However, the Germans had made special trenches, which were reinforced with concrete. They were very deep too – about 20 metres down.This meant that the Germans just hid in bunkers. Then, when they heard the bombing stop, they climbed out to there machine guns. Here, they just watched the British strolling towards the. They were sitting ducks. They Germans couldn’t believe their luck as they mowed the British troops down. And then to think that Haig pursued this tactic and he gave reports like that in Source B where, after 20,000 British troops have died in just one morning, he writes that it was â€Å"very successful† and â€Å"all went like clockwo rk†. Butcher†¦? I think so. However, despite everything I have said so far some still don’t think that Haig was a â€Å"butcher†.I’m going to give you one of the reasons why they could possibly think this. This reason is how he was not informed well. His plan did not involve any soldier experience based knowledge. This was the reason that his presumptions were incorrect. He would have known that the barbed wire was never going to be destroyed by the barrage. Therefore (you would presume that) he wouldn’t have involved this in his plan. Also, if he had known about the German trenches – how they were reinforced and had bunkers to hide in during the barrage – he wouldn’t have involved that in his plan, either. Should he have asked or should he have been told?Either would have been better than brainlessly sending men to their deaths. It is also clear that the soldiers did know that the barrage was not going to have the desired affects. This is made clear in Source C where Private George Coppard’s interview is written down. He said: â€Å"any Tommy could have told them that shell fire lifts wire up and drops it down, often in a worse tangle than before†. So, he didn’t really know how to tackle the plan he wanted to put into play. This was, debatably, not his fault. Therefore there is at least one reason why some believe that Haig was not a â€Å"butcher†.But, then again, some think that the Battle of the Somme was actually a success. They think that Haig, being the General, must have guided us to the victory. I think, unless it won us the war, (which it clearly didn’t) that many deaths cannot be in any way good. ~0~ To conclude, I’m sure that you can guess my verdict. I believe that Haig was a â€Å"butcher†. I think he started out with the wrong mind-set – not really caring about casualties. He thought that to win we just had to kill as many Germans as possible. This was the wrong way to go about it, I think. Secondly, His plan did not work.More than that, it resulted in 20,000 deaths on just one morning. He was pretty much clueless and so made many presumptions that were incorrect. He maybe could have known more if he wasn’t cowering away 50 miles away from the battle in the luxuries of a castle. And finally, after all of the deaths I told you about on the first day of the Battle. He still pursued with that tactic. One of my teachers used to tell me that the definition of stupidity is doing the same thing and expecting a different result. This is exactly what Haig did and it was on a massive scale. He was undoubtedly a â€Å"butcher† in my opinion.

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Strategic Quality and Systems Management - Essay Example For better results, all the workers in the organization should participate in the approach. This is because teamwork is part of all the processes taking place in the organization such as processing, product services, and sales. To attain the preferred results, various stages have to be undergone. The strategic plan should be revised to make sure that it incorporates with the organization. It is through this revision that past strategies and initiatives will be highlighted. Any weaknesses will be noted and given priority in the new strategic plan to make sure it works. Remarkably, the customer is presumed to be right; hence, his/her voice should be heard and attended to. Employees should collect data from customers on their views on the product and customer satisfaction. Analyzing the data will help in the provision of the right product standards and qualities.Additionally, a strategic implementation plan will be launched to improve on the quality of the food produced to ensure that it is unique and acquires a larger market share. It should have its goals and objectives. The planned strategic change has to be embraced by all the employees in order to work hence the human resource department has got involved. It will help in the provision of new ideas to employees who will reflect them in their processing, marketing, and sales departments. To facilitate the change, resources must be pumped in the projects. They may be obtained from loans, capital, profits, or equities. They will be used to improve product quality and manage supply channels to ensure that the customer is satisfied on the produced foods. Quality management will help monitor changes to suit customer preferences leading to increased sales and profits. Internally, it may be arrived at through training, coaching and motivating the employees who will in turn provide good results in the issue of quality management. Externally, good relations with the suppliers will ensure supply of

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Use atleast 2 primary sources and analyze those sources that are historical events in American history after 1900 - Essay Example When the First World War was declared in 1914, America adopted a policy of isolation and neutrality because many Americans could not believe Europe was ready to descend into greater depths in war, as depicted by the trench warfare adopted in the course of the war (Zieger 63). Even though small groups in America like American-French and American Germans supported the country’s involvement in the war, the majority of Americans favored Woodrow Wilson’s approach to remain neutral, as he needed to listen to public opinion in order to guarantee re-election in 2016 (Zieger 4). As a result, Wilson took control of foreign policy issues because the causes of war extended beyond race, as seen in the world war. America’ neutrality was based on a premise that a European war would not interfere with American interests, as trade continued unabated, but threatening America’s interest after Germany sank the Lusitania prompted America to join the war in 1917. The French, British, Germans, and Austro-Hungarians who led their nations to war after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand made many errors, but their worst miscalculation was neglect of the American factor, especially in case of a prolonged war (Zieger 104). America keenly followed rapidly unfolding events in the international arena and seized the opportunity to influence the war transformed international arena positively in its favor by declaring war on Germany in 1917 after the sinking of Lusitania. America exploited its neutrality not only to facilitate trade in the international arena in the event of war, but also to strategize to take the glory of the war and challenge Western hegemony, and the Zimmerman note provided an opportunity for America to prepare for full-scale war in 1918 (Zieger 160). The Zimmerman letter was a telegram sent by Arthur Zimmermann, German

Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

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Flexography or Solvent Recovery (choose just one of these two topics) Research Paper

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Jack the Rippers identity Essay Example for Free

Jack the Rippers identity Essay INTRODUCTION In August 1888 a killer who became known as Jack the Ripper committed the first of a series of murders. To this day the identity of the killer remains a mystery. Five women were brutally killed in the East End of London, by a maniac who appeared to kill without warning and with no remorse. Why was the Ripper able to get away with his murders? Why were the police powerless to stop him? These are some of the questions that still puzzle Ripperologists who search for Jack the Rippers identity till this day, looking in old archives and books. ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES Research and gain knowledge on: The development of the police forces in Britain in the nineteenth century. Law and order in London in the late nineteenth century. Whitechapel in the nineteenth century. With this knowledge you should be able to answer the following questions: 1. Describe law and order in London in the late nineteenth century. (15 Marks) 2. Why did the Whitechapel murders attract so much attention in 1888 (15 Marks) 3. Why were police unable to catch Jack the Ripper? (20 Marks) QUESTIONS QUESTION 1 DESCRIBE LAW AND ORDER IN LONDON IN THE NINETEENTH CENTRY. (15 Marks) Law and order in London in the late nineteenth century was at a developing level, with new acts introduced this century, the way law and order was dealt with changed as the century was coming to an end. During the early and mid nineteenth century, watchmen patrolled the streets of London and special constables- this was ineffective as the number of civilians living in London outnumbered those watchmen and constables to a great level. However, the introduction of the new Metropolitan Police Force in 1829 was set up to change the situation. The new police force put in place by Robert Peel, was first constructed of 3200 men, 17 divisions, 4 inspectors and 144 constables. As with any major introduction of something, there were many early problems for the police force. However, as the years past on, the Metropolitan Police force gained more experience, and was able to deal more effectively with defections of law and order. To gain the peoples popularity, the Police Force carefully chose the uniform for its constables. The force was given a blue uniform, with a tailcoat and a helmet, which replaced the tall hat in 1870. The blue colour of the uniform was chosen because Londoners disliked seeing the redcoats of the army, as this was associated with violence. Blue was the colour of the navy, which was given hero status because of their contribution to the British war effort. This, I believe was a good first step for the Met as it made the people appreciate and favour them. During the 1880s, the training of new police officers was unsatisfactory, much of the training was on the job and constables could often start their duty the following day. Ill training meant some police officers were inexperienced and couldnt deal efficiently with crime. This led to many incidents as the police disobeyed instructions. Ill policing also led to the serious incident named Bloody Sunday on the 13th November 1887. Above all, towards the end of the century, the police were seen as discriminating against Londoners of the lower classes and favouring people in the middle and upper class- this damaged their reputation. Detective work was also improved as the nineteenth century progressed. At first, there were only two inspectors and six sergeants. It was feared that detectives would sympathize and become too lenient with criminals and as a result of this- become corrupt. The late nineteenth century bought radical changes to detective work. In 1869, the National Criminal Record was set up and dealt with infamous criminals, thereby reducing the number of crimes. The Detective Department in London was revised in the late nineteenth century- this led to the creation of a Criminal Investigations Department (CID) in 1877. In a space of 5 years, the number of detectives increased by 78, as did the number of arrests made. Increasing the number of detectives alone was not enough, as this didnt increase the efficiency of their work. The detectives had to change the methods which they used in the early and mid nineteenth century in dealing with disreputable crimes. The detective methods did however change in 1879 in dealing with murder cases. Now, the body of a victim was not removed from its murder site, or anything else to do with it. These changes in the detective department showed that law and order was being enforced more efficiently and more criminals were being put to justice than before. Another aspect that increased the competence of detective work in the late nineteenth century was the introduction of forensics, finger printing and the Alphonse Bertillon method of identification. With these methods, detectives were able to examine primary or secondary sources got to with a murderer or victim in order to gather up evidence and find out who the murderer is. This was an important change because murderers could be identified not only by an obvious clue lying in the murder site- this consequently meant that murderers became more intimidated and frightened to carry out a killing. Overall, the development of the police force in London in the late nineteenth century can be described as improving but unsatisfactory. I believe that the improvements made to restore law and order was still insufficient. With the population of London at that time being 5,255,069- I think having only 1383 police officers on duty was ineffective. Regular patrols could not stop a determined criminal. The police force would need to increase its size by many times so as to provide resistance and intimidate criminals. Being in its infant years, I think only time will solve this matter; because as time passes, there will be improvements in technology, the police will gain more experience and improve their methods of dealing with crime. With the Jack the Ripper murders round the corner, a crime like this will be enough to show the police force what they are lacking, how they are lacking and what things need to be taken into consideration. QUESTION 2 WHY DID THE WHITECHAPEL MURDERS ATTRACT SO MUCH ATTENTION IN 1888? (15 Marks) In the space of two months or so, the residents of Whitechapel were horrified at the five murders that occurred in their area by a somewhat unremorseful sexual serial murderer that was unknown and could not be found. The mysterious murderer, who came to name himself Jack the Ripper became the focus of the press and media in late 1888, and attracted so much attention as he committed his rather graphic killings to prostitutes who lived on a day-to-day basis. In each of the five murders that the Ripper carried out; he brutally mutilated the prostitutes, taking out what ever organs out of their bodies using his debatable anatomical skill. In my opinion, I believe the Ripper did possess anatomical/surgical skill, as he was able to take out certain organs like the kidneys out of his victims bodies without causing meaningless cuts. He also used a long bladed knife similar to those used by surgeons while carrying out amputations. The Ripper used this skill while mutilating the bodies of Annie Chapman who had her small intestines withdrawn of her abdomen. Mary Kelly also had her internal organs removed because the Ripper had a lot of time to commit the mutilations as he was alone in a room and could have his privacy; away from public sight. I believe it was because of this reason- the ghastly mutilations on the prostitutes- that attracted the most attention to the people and police force as it showed what a determined murderer was capable of doing. Another aspect of the Jack the Ripper case that attracted so much attention in 1888 was Jack the Ripper himself. People were eager to know who the Ripper was, his identity, his background, and simply; why he targeted prostitutes and slashed, sliced and severed them the way he did. The letters that he sent to the police caused people and the police themselves to grow even more suspicious about the Ripper. For example, the Dear Boss letter made people think that he was American. He portrayed himself as a psychopath through this letter; informing the police of what he will do in the future, I shant quit ripping them till I do get buckled. All these queries were supposed to be answered by the Metropolitan Police Force; however, they werent able to catch the Ripper. This is the reason why the world press degraded them. British newspaper business were eager to sell more and more newspapers these days as the Education Act 1870 made it compulsory for everyone to attend school, meaning that now most of the British population was literate. The Fleet Street newspapers competed by writing articles, that more likely were incorrect and unreliable. However, the only thing that mattered to the newspapers at the time was selling, and as the British population was enthusiastic about the murders carried out by Jack the Ripper, they published incorrect material. This shows how much attention Jack the Ripper attracted, as to keep him in the minds of the British population, the very source that everyone depended on telling the truth, told a lie! The world press also played a big role in attracting attention to the murders. They deeply investigated the murders and at times produced false information and rumours that made the populace even more fearful and intimidated to stroll through the alleys of Whitechapel at night. Offering rewards was a tactic that the police used later on, which it previously thought was insufficient to collect evidence about Jack the Ripper and his whereabouts. By this, many people were attracted to the case and produced false evidence solely to get a reward in the end. This afterwards proved to be totally unsatisfactory as the police found the investigation harder as many people brought forward different and inconclusive information with regard to the identity of the Ripper. The double murders that took place in the night of the 30th of September 1888 also caused people to grow fearful and attentive in the East End of London. The first victim of the double murders was Elizabeth Stride who was found to have several cuts in the neck and windpipe. It was supposed that the horse and cart of Louis Diemschutz who worked near to the scene of the murder disturbed the Ripper. Because of this, the Ripper went and murdered a fourth prostitute named Catherine Eddowes less than half a mile away. What was peculiar about the Eddowes murder was not only that she had her intestines, left kidney and womb removed; but that written in chalk above the dead womans apron were the words: The Juwes are The men That Will not be Blamed For nothing. This could have been a genuine clue for the MPF as to who the Ripper was; as they could have seen whether the handwriting of this matched the handwriting of the letters he sent to the police. But before they could do so, Sir Charles Warren, Commissioner of the MPF ordered the writing to be removed immediately to prevent any anti-Semitic tension. Another reason why Jack the Ripper attracted so much attention, was because of the tension between political parties. A serial killer was out in the streets of London, killing innocent women, and sitting in Parliament were politicians who looked to be doing nothing about this. As a result of the Jack the Ripper murders, the poverty stricken area of Whitechapel was well known, and so was the poverty that the residents suffered. Opposition parties in the Government saw this as an opportunity, to attack the Government, in saying that the poverty that they (the government) had not solved was to blame for these murders. If there were no poverty in Whitechapel, then single women would not have had to result to prostitution, and Jack the Ripper would have had no prostitutes to murder. Jack the Ripper attracted so much attention, that even the politicians in Parliament were talking about his actions. In conclusion, I think that it was the way in which the prostitutes were brutally butchered, and the perplexity that the Metropolitan Police Force faced with dealing with the murders; are what engrossed so much attention in 1888. In particular, I think the murder of Mary Kelly- the last of the Ripper murders- is what attracted the majority of attention in the Ripper case as the victim was viciously mutilated. There were cuts all over her body and most internal organs had been removed. The breasts were also cut off as well as her uterus. The heart was removed and could not be located. Because of this, I think it was this murder that made people most fearful and kept the dark alleys of Whitechapel deserted at night as the people living their knew that a determined murderer could well be at their doorsteps next. QUESTION 3 WHY WERE THE POLICE UNABLE TO CATCH JACK THE RIPPER? (20 Marks) The police were unable to catch Jack the Ripper for several major reasons. It was mainly that the police did not know who or what they were dealing with. This was due to the fact that Jack the Ripper was the first serial killer to be reported on at such a scale. The police were unaware of the fact that they were dealing with a serial killer, and more importantly did not know what a serial killer was. Jack the Ripper was the first serial killer who had been focused on at such a scale by the newspapers or the media. This was mainly due to the fact that most of the adult population of the time were now able to read and write due to the Education Act 1870. This encouraged the newspapers to write more about the Ripper, sometimes quoting unreliable sources which were also used by the police, leading them to false leads. As more and more of the public were getting interested in the Ripper murders, newspapers felt that they had to publish something on the Ripper murders otherwise the public would loose interest and the newspaper company loose money. Hence the newspapers were forced into writing false/incorrect information in their articles. As the methods of investigation used by the police were still developing, and forensic science just starting, the Metropolitan police were unsure about how to conduct their investigation. As a result they resulted to any means possible and even took the false words of the newspapers as being true. Despite the fact that forensics experts of the time had visited the crime scenes and had drawn certain conclusions, the Metropolitan police still followed the false information published in the newspapers, despite the fact that it contradicted the conclusions drawn by the forensics experts. This shows how undeveloped the methods of investigation of the police was at the time as police were following information given by drunken lunatics who were giving witness accounts only to earn a little easy money, and based their witness accounts on the stereotypical image of the Ripper at the time to try and catch one of the most cunning and clever serial killers of all time. Another major factor why the police were unable to catch Jack the Ripper was that their nature of investigation was too narrow and that they should have widened their scope. At first the Metropolitan police believed that Jack the Ripper was someone local, from the evidence shown from his knowledge of the layout of all the alleyways and roads of Whitechapel. This enabled him to move very quickly and freely around the Whitechapel area without the police being able to catch him. This was very important because by the time the body of Jack the Rippers next victim was discovered he would have been long gone. A rumour had been spread about a man known as Leather Apron as being the serial killer, Jack the Ripper. The police were intrigued by this information and were quick to respond. They arrested a man called John Pizer, a butcher from the Whitechapel area. He was foreign as many of the witness accounts suggested, and wore a leather apron, giving him the name Leather Apron. However he had an alibi, which cleared him of all charges. Again the police had followed false leads and had wasted more time. This then lead the police to believe that the murder was someone who was not from the Whitechapel area but could have had a job or another sort of connection within the area, because of his knowledge of the layout of Whitechapel. The police used many techniques to try and catch Jack the Ripper, however none of them succeeded. Firstly, the Metropolitan police increased the number of police officers and constables on the beat (on duty), each being placed within five minutes of walking distance of each other. However this did not work as the Ripper was still too quick for the Metropolitan police. Another method used by the police was to try and go undercover to catch Jack the Ripper. Some officers dressed up as prostitutes to try and lure Jack the Ripper into spending some time with them. However this did not work as there were no female officers at the time, and the men who dressed up still wore their typical police boots which were still recognisable despite the heavily polluted smog that filled the air, blowing their disguise. Again the police had wasted more time, as their method of investigation was still unreasonable. These thoughtless actions were not kept quiet. Jack the Ripper news attracted worldwide attention. These actions were even commented on in the New York Times, the London Police must be the stupidest police force in the World. This did not give a good impression of the Metropolitan police force. On conclusion the police were unable to catch Jack the Ripper because of their lack of knowledge of serial killers and the undeveloped methods of investigation they used. When Jack the Ripper first started his campaign of murder, the police were unaware that they were dealing with a serial killer and more importantly did not know what a serial killer was. This was to the disadvantage to the police, as they did not know how to catch Jack the Ripper. Another factor why the police were unable to catch Jack the Ripper was the little knowledge of forensic science that they had at the time. The police were uneducated in forensic science, and in many occasions altered the scene of the crime. Lastly, the police were unable to catch Jack the Ripper because of the methods that they used. The police at the time were uneducated in undercover work as well. They did not know how to disguise themselves into the normal population to trap Jack the Ripper.

SAP Brief Information And Study Computer Science Essay

SAP Brief Information And Study Computer Science Essay Nestle SA, the world largest food and beverage company decided to implement SAP systems to all of their branches and subsidiaries company. This project call Nestle Globe project (Global Business Excellence) roll over 500 facilities in 70 countries around the world and using enormous amount of budget at $2.4 billion. Nestle Globe have three objective To Create standard best practices business process for Nestle organization To create standard set of Nestle data and use to whole Nestle organization. To implement standard information systems infrastructures and SAP was chosen. In 2006 Nestle globe project expected to pay back its implement cost at $ 2.4 billion and increase Globe operating company from 30% in 2005 to 80% by end of 2006. Moreover, Nestle decide to cap their spending of information technology at 1.9% of sales each year. Background of Organization: Nestle SA Corporation is the worlds largest nutrition and food company operates in 86 countries around the world, employ around 280,000 people and have factories or operations site in almost all countries around the world. Nestle primary sells wide variety of food and beverage categories in many well known brands such as magi, nescafà ©, nestea, coffeemate , Nestle sales were almost $ 2.4 billion in 2010 (David Barne,2010). bgNestleLogo.png SAP Brief Information: SAP (Systems, Applications, and Products in Data Processing) ERP systems is enterprise resource planning (ERP) software produced by SAP AG. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is systems designed to integrate core activity with in organization together in order to increase company performances (Markus et al., 2000). SAP use concept of modules by providing separated functional modules for specific core activities within companies such as SAP-Financial and Accounting for accounting related transactions, SAP-Sales and Distribution focus on sales operations, each modules can be purchased, installed and operated separately but use same database (Monk, Ellen F. and Wagner, Brej J. ,2009). Problems: The main problems before ERP implementation was data integration among various of systems within Nestle organization structures. For example, Nestle USA had problems with 29 brands of vanilla that every plant order vanilla to the same vendor seperately and result in paying 29 different prices (Worthen,Ben 2002). Introduction From 1997 to 2000 ,Nestle company was going to re-engineer their over all business processes amd implement SAP systems as one standatize systems to Nestle and its subsidiaries comapny.The first Nestle ERP implementation began at Nestle USA, when Nestle USA decided to implement ERP systems and they selected SAP as their system solutions, this project also known as Best (Business Excellence thorough Systems Technology) (Worthen,Ben 2002). Best schedule for six years of implementation from first quater of 1997 to first quater of 2003, this project was budgeted over $200 million and would implement five SAP modules ( purchasing , financials, sales and distribution, account payable, acount receivable) (Worthen,Ben 2002 pg.1 3). This ERP project goal was to create centralize solution between Nestle comapny and their subordinate brand. The second Nestle ERP implementation happen in 1999 at Nestle UK, which decided to use SAP R/3 as Nestle USA to 18 UK manufacturing sites with 6,000 SAP users (Bryan Glick, 2001). The main objectives of this movement was to improve efficiency across the company from Nestle UK inventory management, supply chain and change business processes to be more competitive for tough competitions (Glick, Bryan, 2001). In 2000,the third and the largest ERP implementation projects up until now happen when Nestle SA(Nestle Headquater) determined to launch their Globe (Global Business Excellence) project in order to move whole company to one integrated company instead of set of individual operating units (Bendoly.E. and F.R. Jacobs ,2005). Before implementation, Nestle had around 140 different financial systems(Malcolm Whetley ,2001), but after Globe project Nestle would have only SAP for all its manufacturing, sales and distribution and financial operations( Barnes, D., 2008). Globe would cost $2.4 billion, the highest implementation cost in history (Barnes, D., 2008). Globe scopes were developing business processes best practices, creating data management and data standards and standardize Nestles information systems by using Mysap.com (Ray, R., 2010). Ray, R., 2010 claimed that in 2006, Globe covered half of Nestlà ©s food and beverage business with overall coverage of 90,000 users, 300 factories and 350 distribution centers Means Part: SAP Key technologies: SAP R/3 ERP applications operate though separate functional modules that control specific operation such as accounting, inventory management and integrated with SAP database together. All functional modules could perform separately according to client system environment and also can effectively integrate with non-SAP application. For example, Nestle USA did not implement SAP Advanced Planner and Optimizer (SAP APO) for their supply chain management systems but using Manugistics supply chain management systems instead ,Manugistics and SAP could perform smoothly together results in saving $325 million for Nestle USAs supply chain improvement (Worthen, Ben 2002). In addition, SAP contains industry solutions package that enhance SAP performance in specific industry such as leasing, industrials, banking, which have industry-specific functionality. Moreover, due to centralize database, all module could use data from database without redundancy problems. For example, account receivable modu les use same existing customer master data as sales and distribution use when doing account receivable related functions. Last but not least, even SAP is software package systems but SAP could customize the application modules for specific client requirement by using ABAP language, specify SAP programming language. SAP R/3 can divide into 4 function parts; logistics, accounting, human resources and cross applications (figure1.0 R/3 systems). sap R3 systems.png Figure 1.0: R/3 systems SAP R/3 Logistic parts consists of 3 main modules responsible for logistics with in companies Sales and distribution modules this module related to sales transaction such as making sales order, customer debate payback Material Management modules focus on material management within organization from posting material to company stock, posting payable data, stock information Production Planning modules focus on production planning within organization such as create bill of material and production setting. SAP R/3 accounting parts control and integration of financial information within It consists of 3 core modules to create flexible solution control over company accounting information Financial and accounting consists of modules related to manage accounting transaction within company such as account payable, account receivable, treasury. Controlling modules focus on costing method within organization. Asset Management is modules designed to manage and monitor asset information within organization. Human Resource division parts responsible for SAP resource management within organization including 3 main modules. Quality management manage control process over material quality of vendors and manufacturers Plant maintenance for maintenance task Human resource specialize module for manage human resource such as pay roll SAP cross functional application : modules that affect to many modules when it was implement Project management modules include tools for project management Work flow modules focus on process control within SAP systems Industries solution is specific modules to enhance performance in some industries such as leasing , manufacturing , media. SAP building methodology In order to implement SAP ERP systems, organization need to be revised their own business process first in order to create highest performance after SAP implementation. SAP called this method ASAP (Accelerate SAP implement solution) which contains 4 main components ASAP methodology consists of five consecutive phases Phase 1- Project preparation: initial planning and preparation. This phase emphasized on project planning before going to collect information for business blueprint. Phase 2 Business Blueprint: documentation of the business process requirements of the company. This phase is first phase that SAP consults have met with their client to collect business process information for creating new SAP business environment in phase 3. Phase 3 Realization: implement all business and process requirements based upon the business blueprint. After collect information and create new business blueprint, SAP consult need to implement all of business process requirement to SAP systems. To illustrate, SAP FI consults would set configuration of company code, general ledger requirement and preparing for key user training. Phase 4 Final Preparation: complete testing, user training, system management and cut-over activities. This is last phase before SAP is going to real operating client server. This phase emphasized on customer new process training to let key user know how to use SAP systems. Moreover, all customization need to be finish at this phase including customization modules or forms. Phase 5 Go-Live Support: transition from implementation Last phase when all master were transferred to main production servers, SAP consults need to support real environment within organizations. PC base tools is computer base application contains various tools and templates for supporting the ASAP approach such as QA Database , ASAP roadmap, knowledge sharing. Services: SAP company will provide support information for implementation for organization that would like to use ASAP such as OSS user to ask question to SAP development team directly when client has problems related to SAP that consults cannot fixed such as patch bug, etc. R/3 resident tools provide R/3 configuration guide for all business transactions in SAP systems. SAP consult can look at implement step within configuration pages Basis of Information Systems components on SAP R/3 Data and hardware SAP R/3 manage data environment though client and server basis, SAP users can process their transactions though GUI (graphic user interfaces) then data will transmit though application servers (can be use one or many application server depends on usage) to main database (Three-tier Client/Server Architecture) which application servers located the SAP software and the database servers handle documents and master data databases. (figure 2.1) or can be operate though Two-tier Client/Server Architecture by transfer data from GUI to main database directly (mostly use for training configuration) in 2 tier architecture database manage both transactions data and software together (figure 2.2). Figure 2.1 three tier client/server architecture Figure 2.2 second tier client/server architecture Software and telecommunication SAP R/3 can operate with wide range of hardware, operating systems, database(figure 3.0 SAP R/3 technology environment and their GUI can be manage though both window OS and mac OS. Moreover, for SAP telecommunication SAP systems can effectively interact to its server by using LAN, WLAN or internet access to SAP serer to maintain client and server communications. r3 technology environment.png Figure 3.0 SAP R/3 Technology environment Human/people SAP has 3 types of users Key users; person who use SAP according to their training and receive limited authorization within user responsible areas such as key user for accounting , account payable , sales. Functional consultants; consultants who specialized in separate modules such as Financial and Accounting, Sales and Distribution, Material Management. Technical consultants; technical specialist who can divide separately in 2 position for SAP systems and SAP infrastructure ABAP programmer is programmer who specializes on ABAP programming language which used for SAP modification or customization. Basis is technical specialist who emphasized on hardware and software related to SAP infrastructure such as Why SAP SAP has experience in large scale implementation to many multi-national companies some is Nestle competitors such as Kraft food. SAP company also have effective implementation methodology called Accelerate SAP method for implementation (ASAP) that Nestle used this method until Nestle Globe project in order to create standardize best practices business processes (Ray, R.,2010) SAP systems could answer all Nestle objectives within one system in term of data integration, business processes and also data management. For example, problems of redundant vendor master data can be fixed by SAP master data principles that manage vendor master from both accounting and purchasing sides (figure 4.0). This solution provide account payable modules to collect vendor information separate by company code but use same purchasing module with organization segment result of one standardize general ledger can be used for all Nestle and their subsidiaries company (sap financial,N.D.) . ap p76.jpg Figure 4.0 the complete vendor master data SAP is suit for Nestle Global project because SAP has multi-language packages that can use with many countries in the world to create standardize understanding over SAP usage. By using standard local language SAP can reduce training and let local understanding function more easily. Objective and benefits of systems by matching with organization in global context Completive context: Barnes, D. (2008). Stated that after Nestle globe project going as plan it will create competitive advantages over main competitors such as Uniliver and Kraft food by operating more efficient in both supply and demand side. For example, Nestle can cutting number of supplier from 600,000 to 167,000 accounts, Nestle can save about $750 million a year for this process. Customer context: Nestle globe implementation would create efficient use of information among Nestle brand categories and nestle major customers such as wall-mart and Tesco which could receiving stocking shelves from nestle information systems back to their branches and use this information for more space utilization for Nestle wide range of products. (Barnes, D. 2008). Moreover, nestle Company context: Brabeck, Nestle CEO, claimed that Globe project will transform Nestle into new age of success by using information technology and standardize new process designed. For example, Nestle management could press on single button and monitor nestle performance in real-time data including geography sales, sales channel and product categories and brand. By using new technology Nestle can create more innovative strategies by combining online data and tactical approach. To illustrate, Nestle could monitor their wall-mart account managers performance by investigating profit and loss within wall-mart branches in real time (Barnes, D. 2008). Ways Part Results after SAP Implementation: First, Nestle USA by integrating difference database together Nestle USA could save net worth $325 million by using same standardize database for general ledger, vendor and customer master data for all Nestle branches and their subsidiaries company. (Worthen, Ben,  2002) Second, Nestle UK ERP implementation met its success by reducing 50% of inventory stocks after implement SAP due to improvement business processes and efficient control over inventories (Glick, Bryan, 2001). Last, Nestle Globe project create new strategic movement to Nestle by shifting from individual business thinking (normal ERP systems) into joint business thinking (coordinate ERP systems) that relied on integrated information between Nestle core unit such as purchasing , sales and use information to create value to key vendors and key customers( Bendoly, E. and F. R. Jacobs, 2005). Bendoly, E. and F. R. Jacobs, 2005 claimed that in 2006 this globe project create estimated total profit for overall program CHF 3 billion per annual. However, Nestle ERP implementation also had many drawbacks most of it from business process re-engineering. First, Nestle USA got in trouble when they launch go-lived in big bang method but most of their key user still cannot operate new systems; do not understand new business process. Then, Best project SAP support met trouble with enormous problems. Next, Jeri Dun, Nestle USA CIO, stated that turnover rate among Nestle demand forecasting employee increase to 77 percent after SAP project go-lived. Next, technical problems due to non-integrated function during go-lived phase, due to project deadline before Y2K in year 2000 consulting and staffs of Best projects had very limit time before it will launch therefore, Nestle got in trouble with integrated function between key modules. For example, integrated function between sales and distribution (SD) modules and accounting receivable module were missing. When sales persons use SAP to post discount rate for customers, A/R module did not interact with discount from SD modules result in wrong billing information was send to customers (Worthen, Ben.  2002). Nestle business objective Nestle has objective to create standardize for its business processes architecture and Nestle data. By using same standard processes to whole Nestle organization could easily to manage its international branches around the world. Moreover, Nestle decided to reduce their information systems into one systems SAP to be more effective control over all Nestle organization. Combine three objectives for standardize business processes , systems and data together, Nestle would receive benefits of standardization and coordination of their operations which could eliminate redundant processes and coordinate marketing activities for global customers (Bendoly, E. and F. R. Jacobs ,2005). How systems help organization to achieve its business objective SAP systems would helped Nestle to re-engineer its business process and forced Nestlà ©s employees to change their previous business processes into new standardize best practices because Nestlà ©s employee need to work according to processes setting with SAP systems though standard master data and business processes. Identify IT in Strategic point of View: Bendoly, E. and F. R. Jacobs, 2005 defined Nestle Globe as evolution process from individual business unit thinking (unique ERP systems) to joint business unit thinking (coordinated ERP systems) under Sap technology. From Nestle new systems share information with their suppliers and customers to create jointly working with Nestle suppliers and customers. To illustrate, Nestle could share information with its customers like wall-mart and create joint promotion program for new products. Therefore, IT has important role in organization strategic planning in order to create competitive advantages over competitors. Identify IT in Operation Point of View Information Technology is core component to operation processes within organization, because all company need tools to collect operation records for future usage such as audit, management report supported. By comparing integrated systems like SAP and non integrated systems, integrated systems like SAP could provide more benefit to company operation efficient. For example, case of Nestle USA that can SAP to eliminate redundant data for vanilla vendor master in al factories result in large amount of saving for purchasing goods. Identify IT in Tactical Point of View In tactical after Nestle Globe project, nestle can performed decentralize process to transform their organization into lean and fast moving company. Globe project will provide more accurate information related to specific area to let local boss to remain close to their customers or take an action related to change within their territories without wait for top management decision (Barnes, D. 2008). Nestle manage can adapt faster and more effective by using information such as products profit and loss within their area and use these information to create product tactical decision within that area. How IT help the organization achieve the objectives and other benefits First, by using combination of standardize systems, master data and business processes, Nestle can maximize benefits of SAP systems in global term not just Nestle in some countries. Standardization create same understanding toward information based from SAP systems and can create synergy cooperation within global groups such as innovation sharing between different countries or successful product launch from one countries can be monitor by Nestle company located in other countries. This phenomenon create Nestle united into One global Nestle organization and cannot be made without using Information systems. Second, standardize process also cannot be made without control process done in SAP client that lead Nestle employee to work on standardize process to create standard data that all Nestle employee understand and use in practice in same manner. Third, Nestle Globe project is major improve Nestle competitive advantages by lean large organization business process and create consolidate solution from SAP systems such as lean supply chain management, consolidate purchasing. SAP is in role of integration all data together in its database systems and provide decision support systems base on integrated data. For example, SAP APO use data from SAP logistic part (sales, material management, production planning) and integrated data together to generate information report provide to responsible persons.

Teenage Dramas And Pop Culture Media Essay

Teenage Dramas And Pop Culture Media Essay American teenage drama series such as Glee, Gossip Girl, 90210, One Tree Hill, the O.C. and etcetera have won over the hearts of adolescents in this era. These teen drama series have become pop culture phenomenon such that they have expanded their fan base in Asian countries like Malaysia. The teen series craze is rather palpable among the students of Mara College Banting. However, to what extent are we aware of the effects of watching these teenage drama series? Are these trend-setting drama shows a good or bad influence on the students of Mara College Banting in terms of language and cultural interaction? These questions have inspired me to investigate my research question, How Does Watching American Teenage Drama Series Affect Mara College Banting Students Written Vocabulary? The main focus of my paper will be investigating how the dialogues of the characters and the visual stimulations of the teenage drama series affect Mara College Banting students own vocabulary. I specifically chose teenage drama series from the United States due to the intriguing colloquial language and the massive influence they have on the viewers. My area of study encompasses written vocabulary, particularly in terms of informal writing. It is worthy to realize just how much we have learned from watching these teen series and incorporating them in our daily language. Hence, observations on daily written texts in social networks, online conversations and diary entries will provide solid evidence relevant to this research. The focal aim will be colloquialism, abbreviations, idiomatic expressions and expansion of vocabulary. This research question is worthy of investigation because it scrutinizes the effects of watching American teenage drama series towards Mara College Banting students. From this research, I can determine whether or not the students incorporate what they learned unconsciously from watching these series into their daily written production. Language is so vital to human culture and social interaction.  [1]  After all, the Western media have greatly influenced the youths of Malaysia. With the growing popularity of teenage drama series, it is best to consider the implications it might have on the students English, specifically vocabulary. Background Mara College Banting students are truly huge fans of American teenage drama series. To conduct my research, I randomly selected 30 students from different types of courses (Medicine, Engineering and Biotechnology). The age group of my respondents ranges from 18 to 20 years old. To prove how much these teenage drama series have affected Mara College Banting students, I have extracted two Facebook  [2]  entries. Azzeem Shahren : Im out of GG, out of GLEE and out of Vampire Diariesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and theres just no waiting for the next episode/season when you only got 2 weeks leftà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ can someone supply me with other things to watch?  [3]  May 28, 10:51 pm Azmir Seed Fakkri: been watching Gossip Girls, Glee and next up is the Vampire Diaries.  [4]  May 26, 2:26 pm Evidently, the students of Mara College Banting are loyal fans of these teenage drama series. In fact, 93.3% of my respondents have admitted that what appealed to them the most about these series is the interesting storyline. The central characters are mainly adolescents, so the dilemmas that they face are relatable to the students. All the drama that drives the plot of the series is what keeps audiences glued to their television sets or computer screens. Mara College Banting students look up to the characters of the series because they envy the characters attractive appearances, talents and fabulous lifestyle. Diagram 1: Factors that appeal to the students most from watching teen series The bar chart illustrates the main factors that make teen series appeal to the students of Mara College Banting. Each respondent selects two main factors. With such a strong fan base, how much impact has these characters made on Mara College Banting students vocabulary? We should consider whether the dialogues performed by the actors are appropriate for us to apply in our own Eastern society. Most importantly, do watching these teenage drama series improve the students vocabulary or worsen it? If it indeed affects their language, what aspect of vocabulary does it influence? These questions will be answered once we probe the vocabulary used by Mara College Banting students in their informal written production. Colloquialism Colloquialism may be defined as a word or phrase that is not formal or literary, and is typically used in ordinary or familiar conversations.  [5]  Sometimes, it may come of as mildly pejorative, due to its intended use for informal settings.  [6]  There are many branches or types of colloquialism found in American teenage drama series, many of which are quickly learned by the students of Mara College Banting. Slang or contemporary youth language Slang is usually considered to be a low form of language and consistently associated with younger speakers.  [7]  Consequently, slang is more commonly adopted in informal conversations among friends. The characters in teen series use these slangs to avoid from being perceived as out-of-date.  [8]  Many students in Mara College Banting have confessed that they prefer using slang when communicating among friends because the phrase is much more catchy. Spread by television, music and now the Internet, American youths have generated a lexicon of their own.  [9]   As previously stated, characters in teenage drama series are trendsetters. The students of Mara College Banting have adopted the slang that they use as well. The following table shows a list of slang or contemporary youth language that they have learned from watching American teenage drama series. Table 1: Slang/ contemporary youth language  [10]   SLANG DEFINITION SERIES Bro Friend; commonly used for greetings Glee Pot Marijuana 90210 Freak out To panic/lose control Glee Dude A name for everyone, stereotypically surfers and skateboarders Expressing awe or emphasis 90210 Crack head One who partakes in smoking crack cocaine Gossip Girl Whacked Demented Glee Babe Endearing term used for girls, and sometimes describe boys Glee Booze An alcoholic beverage 90210 Noob Lacks intelligence or experience in a specific field The 0.C. Hot Attractive 90210 Mara College Banting students commonly use slang during informal conversations. This is a branch of functional linguistics- a theory of language that adopts a view of language as social interaction. According to Tom McArthur, slang is the equivalent of fashion and serves the same purpose. Like chic clothes and modes of entertainment, effective slang must be new, appealing and able to gain acceptance in a group quickly.  [11]  For instance, the students greet by referring to each other as dude, bro or babe in social networks like Facebook, Twitter and Myspace. Fizree Azreen Azhar : safe journey, bro Aizat Finggly : okay dude, I will consider Naqjwa Naq : Happy Birthday Ezzy babe! These slang terms act as social tools that enable teens to communicate and express themselves freely. They act as substitutes to certain words or phrases that may sound too formal. For example, if one wants to express his or her panicked emotions, that person would not say, I am in a state of panic! as this would be considered out-dated or just plain silly. Instead, the students of Mara College Banting would express their emotions as such: Arlina Arshad : I freak out knowing everyone has started or finished their homework.  [12]  June 8, 1:39 am Nadd Khar : haha, omg omg  [13]  hes hot. * drool * June 11, 1:30 am Social network is defined as a style of organization of social relationships characterized by highly mobile, interconnected links between individuals or groups.  [14]  After all, the main purpose of social networks and online chat rooms is to reconnect with old friends and perhaps make new ones. Therefore the tone or register of the written text should be informal. The students are free to use slang as they wish because their audience is just fellow teenagers. However, the use of slang is not limited to just social networks alone. The students also use contemporary youth language in their blogs  [15]  because these sites allow the freedom of writing and self-expression. This area of study is known as ethno methodology or conversational analysis. The student wishes to express his or her feelings towards her peers, and hence would apply slang to make the blog more accessible and conversational. The following extracts are a few examples of blog entries and text messages from the students of Mara College Banting: Im not dead yall. I just havent been writing for 4 months.  [16]   Whaddup homie Slang is sensitive to current styles so it changes rapidly in time. Most slang terms used in these teenage drama series are cool now, but would ultimately disappear from use within our generation or become standardized after frequent usage. Swear words /Vulgar terms Swear words, or bad words, on the other hand, are an extreme form of colloquialism. Consequently, some or all members of the society frequently consider these words taboo.  [17]  These words are mostly intended for offensive remarks and at extreme conditions; they affect racial and cultural issues. Cursing is not an unusual problem among the teenagers of America. Unfortunately, the students of Mara College Banting are slowly picking up this colloquial language themselves. Many, if not all American teenage drama series include vulgar terms in the dialogues. The curse words are underlined: Table 2: Curse words used in American teenage drama series SERIES DIALOGUE MEANING OF WORD Glee Season 1 : Preggers Puck: Sup, MILF? Acronym for Mother Id Like to Fornicate 90210 Season 1: Pilot Naomi: Well, you sound like a little bitch. And just to be clear, you are so disinvited from my birthday party. Annoying and whining female. Navid: Why didnt you kick his ass? To describe the buttocks Gossip Girl Voice-over: As much as a BFF can make you go WTF Acronym for what the fuck Twitter entry by a student: I think I see a double chin. FML (fuck my life)  [18]   Facebook comment by a student: Hey ass hole listen up!  [19]   The swear words used by the characters are quickly picked up by the students. In fact, 80% of my respondents agree that the language used in American teenage drama series include vulgar terms. Visual stimulation from these teenage drama series is also to be blamed for injecting the students with vulgar vocabulary. The most recent and prominent example would have to be the advertisement campaign for Gossip Girl in April 2008: gossip-girl-omfg.0.0.00.432325.jpeg The term OMFG stands for Oh My Fucking God- a rather abrasive and extremely colloquial phrase. The commercial for this campaign itself explains exactly what this word means to the public. No doubt, the show used this term to attract viewers and boost their ratings. Every respondent who watched Gossip Girl learned what OMFG meant just by watching the advertisement for this series. Due to the controversial nature of this term, Gossip Girl has succeeded in gaining popularity. However, the students of Mara College Banting do not resort to such profanity. They often use euphemisms to replace the F word with words like screw or shit. The students are rather cautious on what they write in the Internet because it is public domain. According to Kimberly Cunningham, ones positioning in social networks has a large implication on the span of an individuals power in a contemporary informational society.  [20]  Considering that the students want to fit in and make new friends, they would surely be careful in choosing their words. Making a good impression in order to make new friends online is really important to teenagers. Hence, the students of my college rarely write swear words in their profiles. After all, these students would only use curse words with friends that they are truly familiar with. When dealing with new friends or acquaintances, Mara College Banting students make use of slang in order to break the ice. As the friendship develops even further and the students become closer together, then the circumstances would permit the students to use these swear words. Abbreviations With the growing use of the Internet, written texts have evolved tremendously. The Internet is primarily a reading medium that encourages brevity, but often of the wrong sort.  [21]  Real-time text-based communications such as Facebook, Twitter, e-mail and Short Message Service (SMS) have caused the emergence of a new language suited to the compactness of this new media.  [22]   Teenagers like the students of Mara College Banting use acronyms instead of typing full sentences because it is more convenient. They utilize acronyms as much as they can to save time and money. The following table shows the acronyms that my respondents have learned from watching American teenage drama series. Table 3: Acronyms learned from watching teenage drama series ACRONYM TRANSLATION SERIES OMG Oh My God Gossip Girl MILF Mother Id Like to Fornicate Glee XOXO Hugs and kisses Gossip Girl LOL Laugh Out Loud 90210 XOXO actually symbolizes hugs and kisses. The X symbolizes a kiss and O is the shape of a hug. It is popularized through Gossip Girl because XOXO is the narrators catchphrase. In most episodes, the narrator would always include it as such: And who am I? Thats one secret you know Ill never tellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ You know you love meà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ XOXO Gossip Girl.  [23]   This abbreviation has become popular among the students of Mara College Banting. A lot of them use XOXO to express their fondness among friends while others simply write XOXO to quote Gossip Girl. This clearly shows how much impact watching teenage drama series had on the students vocabulary. In fact, 83.3% of my randomly selected questionnaire respondents use acronyms in their text messages and written productions online. The following phrases are comments written by the students in social networks: Dhania Haron : Hey Farah! Well have to wait for Fred for the venue and date. XOXO, Dhania   [24]  June 1, 10:03 am Azmir Seed Fakkri : à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦careful Mr S, the internet might bring more benefits than you think it isà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ XOXOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ gossip girl Azmir Seed Fakkri : à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ can you give me your blog link? XOXO blogger boyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã‚  [25]   May 26, 8:01 pm Azhari Rosli : Im awesome-er hahahaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I know you love meà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ XOXO haha  [26]   June 11, 3:33 pm However, the most frequently used acronyms are OMG which stands for Oh My God and LOL which is an abbreviation for laugh out loud. The OMG acronym is picked up from many teenage drama series, mostly from the characters dialogue and text messages. It is usually to portray disbelief or awe. LOL, on the other hand is usually intended for written texts to express laughter. A lot of Mara College Banting students apply the acronyms they learned from teenage drama series in their text messages and social networks. Nadiah Bajunid : OMG I wanna go if theres a hot guy too! Is this the one in OU? Rofi Dang : LOL. Totally. Haha Azzeem Shahren : Btw (by the way)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ upload the vids (videos)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ whoever has it! Farah Farhana : babeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ sorry I was awayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Will do the comment *ASAP (as soon as possible). Expanding vocabulary New Terminology A lot of teenage drama series tend to create new terms to keep audiences wondering what those terms really mean. As preciously stated, Gossip Girl had popularized the acronym OMFG and used XOXO as its trademark. However, it is not the only teen series that have introduced new terms. My questionnaire respondents interestingly pointed out some terms that they have learned from watching other teenage drama series; most of which are not even in the dictionary. For instance, Chrismukkah is a term that was popularized in the O.C. whereby it is a celebration of both Christmas and Hanukkah. The character, Seth Cohen had parents who had separate beliefs. His father was Jewish whereas his mother was Protestant. Hence, to combine both beliefs, Seth claimed to have created this holiday.  [27]  The term had already existed prior to the series, but it was the O.C. that had made the term popular among viewers, which include the students of Mara College Banting. Another example would be the pop cultural phenomenon- Glee. This teenage drama series had literally invented a term of its own. Episode 11 of Season 1 was entitled Hairography. The definition of this term was explained in the dialogue of Rachel Berry with the Glee Club advisor, Mr. William Schuester. The following excerpt is Rachels description of the term: What they were doing were all just smokes and mirrors- its called hairography. All of the whizzing of their hair around just to distract from the fact that theyre not really good dancers and their vocals were just so-so.  [28]   Besides that, Glee also coined the term Lima loser. A Lima loser is a person that will not amount to anything and would always be a loser for the rest of his or her life. Lima is actually an abbreviation for lost in the middle of America (L.I.M.A.) where the characters in the series live.  [29]  This term was introduced through Quinn Fabrays dialogue when Puck confronted her: Youre a Lima loser and you will always be a Lima loser.  [30]  Season 1 Episode 4 From the dialogue performed by the characters, the students of Mara College Banting now understand the definition of the word Hairography and Lima Loser even if they did not exist previously. Considering that Glee is a musical series, the terms introduced by this teen series will most certainly be related to music. The perfect examples would be Mash-Up and Theatricality. Once again, the character explains the definition of the term verbally. The following is the script that describes the terms: Mr Schuester : A mash-up is when you take two songs and mash them together to make an even richer explosion of musical expression Season 1 Episode 6 Shelby Corcoran: But being theatrical doesnt mean you have to be a nuclear explosion. It can be like, like a quiet storm. You just have to radiate emotion, express whats deep inside you. Thats what theatricality is truly about.  [31]  S1 Episode 20 The musical jargons are also introduced from the dance routines. In the episode Throw down, Sue Sylvesters character wanted Mike Chang to show his pop and lock moves. Mike Chang started to dance to the pop and lock style, thus demonstrating what the term really meant without saying a word. 14.1.jpgimages.jpeg Pop and lock is a style of break dancing which involves short, rapid movements of the arms and the legs (popping), combined with brief pauses in between movements (locking).  [32]  Mike Changs character had perfectly demonstrated these dance moves in many episodes. Rather than explaining it in lines, Mike shows it to the audience. This is an example whereby visual stimulation from teenage drama series can expand the students vocabulary. Therefore, teenage drama series had clearly been educational to some extent. The students who are not musically inclined are now more knowledgeable in music by watching teenage drama series like Glee. The new words that they have learned, regardless whether or not they were invented by the series or established in the English dictionary have greatly expanded their vocabulary. Even Fox Entertainment Boss, Pete Rice quoted, In just one year, Glee has transcended the television landscape and emerged as a global pop culture phenomenon. Glee has gained so much popularity worldwide that the fans of Glee have been given the nickname Gleek. The word is actually a combination of Glee and geek. Therefore, all the students of Mara College Banting that are obsessed with Glee would refer to each other as a Gleek. Adjectives In relation to learning new words, a minor group of Mara College Banting acknowledged that these American teenage drama series had taught them new adjectives. Since adjectives are important to describe the characters emotions or actions, a lot of these adjectives are added into the students ever expanding vocabulary. Table 4: New adjectives learned through watching teen series: ADJECTIVE SERIES DEFINITION Abrasive Glee A person who is rude and unkind Fugly Gossip Girl Fucking ugly Slampy One Tree Hill Very small; not covering much Most adjectives used in American teenage drama series are in a sense, invented. Only one or two new terms learned from watching these series are actually real English words. Words like fugly and slampy are terms that the series have introduced on their own. Fugly uses the F word (euphemism for fuck) to give a much stronger impact or emphasis on the adjective ugly. Slampy is also another negative term created by teenage drama series. (c) Idiomatic Expressions Despite the negative terms that have been injected into the vocabulary of the students of Mara College Banting, there are also pros to watching these teenage drama series. Some teenage drama series include idiomatic expressions in the script. My respondents have learned many idioms while watching these shows. Table 5: Idiomatic expressions learned from Glee (extracted from questionnaires): IDIOM DEFINITION Cock o the walk Used to describe a person who is too cool for school On the down low A man, who for all intents is straight, however once in a while likes to engage in gay sex Over the shoulder boulder holder Large bra One in the oven Pregnant woman Washed up Someone that has once led its peak of greatness far too long ago Judging from the list of idioms used in the script of teenage drama series, there is no denying that watching these series can also be educational. It is difficult to learn idiomatic expressions through memorization. Hence, the visual stimulation from teenage drama series would make it easier for the students to remember the idioms. When the terms are applied in daily situations like the teenage drama shows, the students would know the proper way of applying those idioms. They would be able to widen their vocabulary with ease. CONCLUSION The main objective of this Extended Essay is to investigate on how watching American teenage drama series can affect the vocabulary of Mara College Banting students. The dialogue and visual stimulations of the teenage series have indeed affected their written vocabulary, particularly in informal written texts. Applications such as social networks, blogs and text messaging provide the students the freedom of language and self-expression. Therefore, the students incorporate the vocabulary they have learned from watching those series into these applications. Collectively, these teenage drama series have added slang or contemporary youth language into the students vocabulary. Considering that the register in social networks and text messaging is informal, the students feel free to use slang. Besides contemporary youth language, the students have also applied abbreviations in their vocabulary. Acronyms are used, as they are more convenient compared to writing out complete sentences. This technique is picked up from watching the characters text using their phones or any other visual stimulations of the sort. However, these American teenage drama series often introduce terms that are rather offensive. Swear words are often written in the script to portray teenage angst and the degrading language in our society today. If used carelessly, these swear words might offend other teenagers and damage their self-esteem. The tone of conversation among youngsters may be informal, but care must be taken not to use colloquial language irresponsibly. Though there are some negative implications of watching teenage drama series, there is no denying that these shows are also beneficial to the students of Mara College Banting. More often than not, new terms are being introduced to these students. A lot of the students have learned new words by simply watching these shows. The visual stimulus also helped them memorize the words better. Hence, watching these teenage drama series have indeed affected Mara College Banting students written vocabulary. The new terms are learned and applied in informal written production such as social networks, text messaging and blogs.