Competency Differences between Associate degree Nurse and Baccalaureate degree nurse. Essay

Competency Differences between Associate degree Nurse and Baccalaureate degree nurse This essay will explore the differences in competencies for nurses prepared at the associates and baccalaureate degree levels. Both degrees allow the nurse to enter in to the field of nursing as a Registered Nurse . The American Association of colleges of Nursing believes that education significantly impacts the knowledge base and competencies of nurse (AACN2010). BSN and ADN nurses have the same skills need to care for the patient’s, the BSN prepared nurse builds  upon these skills. Educational preparation for both degrees includes a core curriculum focusing on preparing the nurse for acquired to in the clinical setting. There are the educational pathways for Registered Nurses. An associate degree nurse enters a two year community college program, earning a student in associate degree in nursing, a three year diploma program offered by hospitals and a four year university or college program, earning the student a bachelor’s of science degree in nursing. The associate degree program were first introduced in 1958 to relieve the shortage of nurses post world war. The program focused on providing direct care for a patient with a well- defined common diagnosis. Facilities have protocols which the nurse takes direction from and refers to for guidance. ADN curriculum is technical in nature focusing on task oriented clinical skill, while considering patient health conditions and need. ADN nurses understand the needs for standardized data collection and assist in obtaining data in a comprehensive manner Competencies set forth for AND’S intend to center on caregiver, councilor, and educator Activities (LUCY J HOOD 2009). ADN maintains accountability for her own actions and those of other health care peers for which she delegate task. ADN nurses assess, implement and plan Running head: Competency Difference between Associate and Baccalaureate degree nurse 2 patient care from admission to discharge. BSN NURSES BSN educational program last for four years. Baccalaureate curriculums include emphasis on critical thinking, research, leadership, management and community health . BSN nurses have excellent problem solving skills and have independent decision making capacities . The BSN program graduates assume the same responsibilities of the associate degree nurse yet their role is far more expanded. The baccalaureate nurse incorporates the physical, social, spiritual, intellectual, and emotional components to address the overall health of the individual. Applying theory of nursing knowledge from evidence bases research in a holistic view of the individual, and their community. BSN nursing knowledge is based on theory and research which allows opportunities to teach, assume a leadership role in the health care environment. BSN nurses not only provide more complex aspects of daily care and patient education, but also design and co-ordinate a comprehensive plan of nursing care for the entire length of a patient’s stay from pre-admission to post-discharge , including supervising nurses’ aides and other unlicensed assistive personnel, designing discharge and teaching plans for patient’s and collaborating with patient. Physicians, families and of the hospital departments and resource personnel. An example of differences in patient care, ADN and BSN nurse are as follows. (Patient situation) A 76 year old female patient admitted with the diagnosis of breast cancer to the oncology department . Cancer care technician arrives, providing daily care of a patient. An RN Running head: Competency Difference between Associate and Baccalaureate degree nurse 3 Arrives, welcome the patient, oriented the room, call bell, introduced staff, checks the vital  signs, assess the skin, treatments given for the wound and evaluate the plan of care. A nurse with BSN degree is responsible for the co-ordination of all care provided, after assessing the patient and family needs. The nurse with a BSN collaborates with the physician, physical therapy pastoral care services, social worker and implement a plan of care for the patients based on their health care needs. The AACN â€Å"states the road to BSN, prepares the new nurse for a broader scope of practice across a variety of inpatient and outpatient setting† (AACN, 2010) . With the increase in  complexity of today’s health care system, patient’s ,along with advances in technology, our health care requires more highly educated nurses. We as nurses embrace education that prepares us to provide the best care possible for our patients. Running head: Competency Difference between Associate and Baccalaureate degree nurse 4 References American Association of colleges of health of nursing (2010). The impact of education on nursing practice. Retrieved from American ASSOCIATION OF Nursing website: www. aacn. nche. edu/media/ factsheets/ impactednp. htm HOOD, L. J. (2010).

Abiotic and Biotic Factors Review

In time immemorial living things (the biotic factors) and non-living things have been interacting with one another for one reason, which is to survive. Both factors Interact in one grandiose community where-in all forms of ecosystems, such as: desert, savanna, tundra, tropical rain-forest, and the like; are deem to be found and this community Is our planet earth.As found In many textbooks and other science oriented reading materials, the earth Is also considered as an ecosystem as well because it has been a place where both non-living and living things coexist and intermingle with each other to set balance in planet earth because the absence of either the biotic or biotic factors, especially the biotic factors, would set a great impact to the hierarchy of living creatures. But ever wonder how these two factors work together to maintain equilibrium in this planet we live in?Biotic factors as mentioned earlier are the life forms composing an ecosystem like humans, animals, fungus, bact eria and viruses. Biotic factors also include the byproducts created by these living things such as excretes of human, animals and Insects, honey created by the bees, dry leaves that falls off the trees, and even these living things bodies as these creatures decay when they die. On the other hand Biotic factors are those things that are non-living yet contribute to sustain the lives of each and every living things that lives on land, water, and in air.Some samples of biotic factors are the atmosphere where fundamental gases needed by living organisms are found, the soil where we step on, the climate of an area, the four seasons (namely: winter, spring, summer, and fall the water we drink, pollutants, eight intensity, temperature, humidity, and etcetera. These two factors co-exist in an ecosystem in a way that one way or another both or one will benefit from each other and have a symbiotic relationship. From this symbiotic relation interaction of biotic factors and biotic factors hap pen.When we say relationship we talk about the bond between two or a group of anatomic or polyatomic matter. The word atom was used to emphasize that formation of bond doesn't only includes living matters because a relation can take lace also between living and non-living matters or even with both non-living matter where-in either one will only benefit or both will be bona fide beneficiaries in the process of surviving. Relationship of biotic and biotic factors may come in deferent ways.It can be in the form of mutuality where both suffice each other needs. Like for instance, the relationship of an explorer (a kind of bird) with a rhinoceros or a zebra. The explorer cleans the top of the rhinoceros or zebra and get rid of the lice's that rhino and refer have and In return the rhino or zebra provides food to the explorer because the dirt and Insects on top of them already serve as the birds food. Another form of relationship In an ecosystem Is commercialism where one organism benefit s from the other without harming it.An example if this is the interaction of sea anemones which commercialism relationship, the clownish is protected from their predators because the tentacles of the sea anemones keep these predators away from the clownish by stinging them. Other class of relationships are parasitism, where one benefits the there by harming the other organisms such as the relationship of human and tape worms, and nationalism in which one strives to survive by inhibiting or destroying the other specie but not harming it.Unlike commercialism, the relationship that takes place in an nationalism relationship are somehow mutual however in this relationship strong species are believed to survive over weak ones like when a herd of cows competes with a few number of horses in a grassland. In this scenario the greater number of species (in this case, the cows) will greatly consume almost all the odds (the grass) while the less number will have less of the hundred percent foo d.Noticed that the aforementioned relationships and examples involves interactions of biotic factors. How about the interaction of biotic and biotic factors? Wonder how these two intersects to built a bond? Apart from what we know about how biotic factors that these pertains to the non-living bodies of an ecosystem, involvement of biotic factors in maintaining balance to ecosystem is said to be very essential because without it the whole system would not become functional thus crushing whatever follows on the system.The reason behind this is that these biotic factors are the primary agent in sustaining life because they are the sources if energy of all the living bodies and they compliment with biotic factors in the formation of the food web. An example of this is the sun, sun is a non living body and the source of energy of every living body specially plants. Sunlight is needed by plants in manufacturing its food via the process if photosynthesis. Also other biotic factors such as water and air contributes to the process of photosynthesis.Later on this plant will be eaten by a at or other animals that are herbivorous or plant eater then this creature that has eaten the plant will then be eaten by another specie and transfer of energy takes place. Furthermore as the process of energy transfers ensues there will be a time that the last consumer who receives the least energy will be decomposed and turn into nutrients, which is also a biotic factor, and finally will be useful again for the manufacturing of foods for the plants then the whole cycle continues. This is how biotic and biotic factors interact to stabilize balance in an ecosystem.

PUBLIC LAW Master Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

PUBLIC LAW Master - Case Study Example This is more so, under envisaged conditions where there are sufficient reasons to believe that the assembly may cause damage to property and significant interruption of life, besides the risks accruing to people moving around the vicinity of the assembly. "A person who organises a public assembly and who knowingly fails to comply with a condition imposed under the section is guilty of an offence. A police officer can then arrest without warrant any person he reasonably suspects is committing any of the offences under the section" (United Kingdom. 2006). Further, if the law enforcement authorities are of the considered opinion that the purpose of the said assembly is to instil fear in the minds of the high powered Zimbabwean Government delegation, with a view to force them to do something which they are not bound by law to do, or to compel them to do an act, which is not legally enforceable on them, it is well within the jurisdiction of the law enforcement authorities to place suitable restrictions, as deemed necessary. Again, "it allows the chief officer to impose those conditions he believes necessary to prevent disorder, disruption or intimidation" (Public Order Act 1986. 2004). Restrictions as per Part II of the Act Further, under Part II of the above Act, the police chief is empowered to issue notifications restricting: 1. The Number of people, who may take part in the assembly, 2. The location of the assembly and 3. Its maximum duration. In this case it has been seen that, besides restricting the maximum number of people participating in the Assembly to 20, the notice serves also on relocating the Assembly at least 5 miles from GDXS plc's main gates and restricting the duration of the assembly to 2 hours. Since provisions for these regulatory measures have been delineated in the Act, they could be enforceable through the process of law. Under law, "individuals may so or do whatever they please provided they do not transgress the substantive law or infringe the legal rights of others. We are free to do everything except that which we are forbidden to do by law" (Wadham 2003). Human Rights transgression: However, the chief constable has also added two more regulations which are outside the ambit of this Act and they are, that, there should be no public speeches criticising the Government of Zimbabwe, and, in the event of any counter demonstration, or hostility shown towards ProD, the Simpson District Police reserve the right to cancel the demonstration immediately. Therefore, it is well within the jurisdiction of the ProD and its President, Mr. Geoff Edwards to challenge these decisions of the Chief Constable, seeking the right to bar freedom of expression on the part of ProD, and its activists, and also the right to revoke the demonstration. Article 10 of the Human Rights Act, 1998, governs the right of free expression. Under it, it gives" a very important right to hold opinions and express your views singly or in dialogue." Under this Act, the meaning of expression also entails, inter alia, the right to get data from others and also the capacity to express oneself, especially in front of an assembly. (A Guide to

Community and social policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Community and social policy - Essay Example The two features, oppression and discrimination, have become very common in making it almost impossible for individuals to move up the professional ladder in the labor market. Giddens (1993) therefore provides a definition of discrimination as the activity or action that grabs away the opportunities from a specific group, making them out of their reach. It is in this essay therefore that I will lay my focus on old age and mental illness or disability as core areas of discrimination and oppression in the society. I also will look at the similarities and differences between these core areas of discrimination I will study disability as an area of oppression in society. During my first part I will search the meaning of discrimination and oppression within our society. The significance of anti-discriminatory practice will be debated and tracked by an introduction and description of the PCS model of analyses. Thompson (1993) is used to highlight discrimination and oppression on three diffe rent levels. Oppression is a state in which a culture, group, society, state or individual have military, economic and political power that they use in such a wrong way which ends up disadvantaging the powerless in the society. Individuals carrying out the oppression are in control of those under them and therefore better placed when it comes to discriminating against other people. This heinous act comes by just as another group that feels more special gets the mere perception that the other group exists (Cohen, 1988). It is the various groups existing in the society that makes it easier for these forms of discrimination to take place; with the knowledge of the weaker group, therefore forming attitudes against one another. Mental health problem is a term that encompasses a great deal of problems that have an effect on the way an individual carries out with their day to day living. According to The World Health Organization (WHO,

Progress paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Progress paper - Essay Example Also, the project is worth undertaking given the huge potential that it has. Thus the E-coin project will be well out thought venture for Goldman Sachs given the numerous investments. Moreover, the internet usage of E-coin continues to show a tremendous sign of growing over the past few years. The return for Goldman to investment in E-coin is invaluable if E-coin becomes one of the most popular online payment systems. Strategy on putting the advert about E-coin technology that Goldman seeks to introduce was crafted. This involved how the technology would be advertised. In doing this, some of the reputable media organizations were approached to do the advert. The department involved in executing this task was the marketing department. The advert was to be done in a full-page paper in magazines as well as through TV adverts and radio adverts. Further, also, negotiations were done with the supplier companies that would be tasked with the production of the technology. The negotiations entailed a meeting at the company headquarters where resolutions were arrived at. Among others, the resolutions included the manner in which the technology would be secured and made easy to use, that is, user friendly. The down payments for the technology were done. Further, an agreement was made that the IT team from Goldman Sachs would work collaboratively with the company’s IT team. The work at this stage is more of transition work that I am doing to ensure that Goldman Sachs properly adopts the E-coin payment system. At this stage, we have acquired a number of equipment to see the adoption and implementation of technology. We are bringing experts also on board at this stage so as to implement the technology successfully. Therefore, lots of resources are bing deployed at this stage to ensure successful execution of task. Deploying resources means that we

Integrative Strategic Plan for Davis Service Group Plc Essay

Integrative Strategic Plan for Davis Service Group Plc - Essay Example The selected location also possesses most of the required features which are favorable to the company’s business operations. The report is intended to analyze the decision of entering the Australian market on the basis of several factors such as the analysis of the market and industry, the economic analysis, and other associated factors. A strategic approach has to be taken towards entering the new market of Australia. Â  The language barrier is one of the critical issues observed in the expansion of the business operations of Davis Service Group. As the company has its base in the UK where the language used for communication is different from that of Australia. Though English is considered as the global language for business communications. Â  The difference in currency and their corresponding values in the international market have also proved to be another major barrier. The currency of UK is pounds while in Australia the common currency used for business transactions is Australian dollars. The difference in their values poses a major impact on the business which could lead to a potential loss of export and import of goods and raw materials. Â  For the company, it is also very crucial to consider the cultural difference between the two nations. There could be a wide difference between the behavioral aspects of UK and Australia. So the company is required to consider the Australian culture prior to entering the Australian market. Priorities have to be given to local differences which could be found within the nation of Australia. The company has to give equal importance to all of those cultures and traditions. Â  Certain legal and administrative differences between the two nations also create a barrier which includes government policies, rules and regulations of the nation which is different from that of UK. Several international norms and standards are maintained to reduce such difference to promote international business operations. Â  

BIOGRAPHY ON MY HUSBAND Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

BIOGRAPHY ON MY HUSBAND - Essay Example However, his first marriage, despite all of his determination to make it work did crumble but this was not due to any fault of his own. He soon found that the marriage had been built on lies with his wife having lied about her age when they married and still being a very young and naà ¯ve girl, she left Fernando holding the dilemma of how to continue to care for the family. They had one child together which his wife left in his care since she seemingly wanted no part in motherhood. This left him with trying to figure out a way to continue to work while at the same time being a good father to the child caught in the middle of the separation and divorce. During this time Fernando was attempting to be a full-time dad and also working full-time with his landscaping company. Times were extremely hard for him as he did not have sufficient resources to depend on nor did he have any family that was near him who could have helped in taking care of his daughter while he worked during that tim e. Somehow this man did manage to make it through this period of time on his own, never once turning away from the responsibilities he had as a father to his daughter. He also did not try and prosecute his first wife for abandonment of their child so he only had his own self to rely on in order to guarantee the necessary sustenance to keep his family running smoothly. He did seek out daycare services for his daughter so that he could continue to work and this bill alone was quite substantial every month. However, his neighbors often helped him out with watching his daughter but he was very careful in this area because he did not want to come to depend on anyone or be considered a burden either so he assumed much of the work on his own. During this period of time Fernando did not seek out other relationships like a percentage of men would do. He dedicated himself to being a father and continued to work because he knew that in

Causes and Solutions for Groundwater Pollution in Australia Essay

Causes and Solutions for Groundwater Pollution in Australia - Essay Example However, if salinity is too high as a result of existing salt in the materials around the aquifer, then, it is not usable for consumption. If too much water is extracted from aquifers, then, the viability of a variety of ecosystems is at risk. Groundwater provides hydration for areas such as wetlands, streams and even some lakes. Even though the two intermingle, in Australia, the government has managed surface water and groundwater resources as two separate categories. In the country, there are currently 442 groundwater management units, or GMU’s, designated to manage the groundwater inside their territories. Each of these units was selected because the groundwater goes to areas with environmental sensitivity, or because the groundwater was low in salinity. Each GMU has its own aquifer – typically only one, unless there is a series that is connected. GMU’s end at the state and provincial boundaries since the prevailing authority for groundwater comes at the state /provincial level (Ball). For example, four different GMU’s cover the Great Artesian Basin, because it lies under parts of four different states in Australia. When it comes to sustainable yield, the good news is that Australia’s current groundwater yield is more than adequate for the country’s current needs. ... However, extraction is higher in some parts of the country than others. In Victoria and Queensland, for example, almost two-thirds of the sustainable yield is used on an annual basis. The Great Artesian Basin, with around 500 GL in annual sustainable yield, is the largest source of groundwater in the country, containing 11 different aquifers. However, because 570 GL is extracted each year, the current trend is not sustainable (Ball). At present, the most positive signs are the government's commitment to testing aquifers near the coast rigorously to monitor salinity invasion. Also, the testing of river water can indicate the safety of some groundwater sources. However, many rivers do not have any groundwater as a source, so this is an incomplete method of testing. Current Risks While current use of groundwater is within allowable parameters, given the annual available yield, the only reason that groundwater is necessary for extraction is that surface water is being used to excess. The re are many ways to encourage reductions in water consumption, from rebates on low-flow shower heads to the declaration of different stages in water reduction protocols for municipalities. Water consumption is a by-product of social behaviors that are, by and large, out of the government's hands to control, without instituting layers of usage control. Education is an essential strategy; many people just do not know the number of gallons they let flow down the drain each day, during something as straightforward as a morning shower in addition to activities such as running loads of laundry that are not full but using a full load's worth of water, not fixing a leaky toilet or outdoor spigot as well as letting hot water run constantly while shaving. All these are behaviors that do not

Upwardly Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Upwardly - Essay Example For instance, the people of Muruguru village have been for a long time suffered because of impassable roads; thus difficult to reach customers in the market easily. However, the introduction of the mobile phone use has significantly changed their lifestyles because they are nowadays able to reach their customers in the market easily; thus improving their business activities. Ewing (380) argues that the mobile phone use can dramatically improve the living standards through saving time on wasted trips, offering information about prices of the products and even conducting banking services. It also affects the living standards of people through changing the developing markets faster. There are many millions of mobile subscribers across the globe and the effect of mobile use is more dramatic than in Africa, where mobile technology represents the modern infrastructure (Ewing 380). The increasing research evidence reveals that access to communications boost the income levels and makes the local economies efficient; thus improving the standards of living (Ewing (381). The mobile phone use has also fueled the growth of financial services in the global market. This is because many subscribers have nowadays started using mobile money transfer services. Hence, the mobile phones have extended the financial services to billions of poor citizens, who do not have acces s to the bank (Ewing (381). For instance, the M-Pesa services in Kenya, that was launched by Safaricom Company has enabled many clients to make money transfer effectively; thus contributing to economic growth. However, the mobile phone use in Africa differs from that of the U.S and Europe because it is widely used in developing nations for money transfer more than in the developed nations. This has encouraged many investors from developed nations to invest in poor nations. The local operators operating communal phone services for money transferring business

Discuss the factory in connection with spaces and subjects of Essay

Discuss the factory in connection with spaces and subjects of modernity - Essay Example g the prices down to the point where the cottage industries could no longer afford to stay in business and individuals were forced to come into the cities to find work – namely, at the factories. The factories, in order to keep track of their employees to pay them appropriately, artificially divided the day into shifts, including the day shift, night shift and graveyard shift. Through the use of this convention, factory workers began identifying themselves as a part of a crowd rather than an individual being. In addition, they no longer had the power to order their day according to their individual biorhythmic schedules as they might have done in the small towns and farms, but were expected to conform to the rigorous routine espoused by the corporation. This objectification was further emphasized within the factory by the mechanistic work structures and the tendency to reward those individuals who â€Å"caught on† quickest to changes and adaptations. Georg Simmel (1903) wrote that this practice within the factory served to make each individual only a mere cog in the wheel, interchangeable at their work stations, yet indispensable in that perhaps only a few people knew how to operate that particular piece of machinery or that part of the production line. In this latter sense, each man was also dependent on the others to get their jobs completed. Within this mechanized world, money emerged as the common denominator of all values. The more you have, the more individuality you are afforded within this metropolitan system. This wasn’t a new concept, but was further emphasized within the factories with the designation of shirt colors, as in white collar worker for those individuals who were in the upper tiers of the workfloor and blue collar workers for those who were expected to get dirty in the performance of their work – in other words, the drones. Within this culture, the emphasis is placed on the objective worldview, in which everyone fits within a

Hawthornes Perspective of Italy Essay Example for Free

Hawthornes Perspective of Italy Essay Traveling has always been one of the most pleasurable and at the same time educational past times people always love doing. Going to different places enables people to learn new things by meeting people of different languages, of different cultures, and by going to places with different environments, history and traditions. Traveling can also be considered as one of the most insightful activities people can ever practice. It opens travelers perspectives and points of view to a wider view of things based from the various cultures and traditions he see in his adventures. A lot of travelers also prefer to document their voyages, so as to capture their learnings and well as the memories they wish to keep with them. Over the years, travelers notes and tales have become popular subject matters and topics in literature as well as in different art forms such as film and music. These works usually create a dynamic and holistic perspective of a place as well as the culture, history and values embedded in its roots. In literature, one of the most renowned author that have already worked on this kind of work is Nathaniel Hawthorne. His work, Notes of Travel discloses his memories and learnings while having his adventure around the culturally rich country, Italy. For this discussion, this work by Hawthorne shall be viewed in the goal of understanding the history and the culture on where the context of this work was based. Also, this discussion shall try to identify and describe the dynamic setting and way of life in Italy through the eyes and observations of Nathaniel Hawthorne. This discussion shall also how well this work relates and connects to the other works of the author. And lastly, this discussion shall also compare and contrast this work from some of the the authors other works. Notes of Travel: A Picture of Italy Basically, Nathaniel Hawthornes Notes of Travel is a collection of memories the author put together which enables readers to go back to the authors footsteps in the country, smell the air he once breathed in, walk the path he once walked on to, see the sights he once saw and appreciate the beauty of this country he once explored. This work appears more like a comprehensive travel diary as it describes the entire adventure in intricate detail, so fine that the reader will easily form a picture of the placed inside his or her head. In the introductory part of the Hawthornes documentation of his journey, he already describes how engaging the the environment in Italy was. The first object he was able to observe was the preserved settings of historic landmarks in the distinct areas in the country. Hawthorne notes, â€Å"The most noteworthy object was the remains of an old castle, near the water-side; the square, gray, weed-grown, weird keep of which shows some modern chimney-pots above its battlements [†¦] The English characteristically patch new things into old things in this manner, materially, legally constitutionally, morally† (Hawthorne 1-2) From this passage, it can be noted how the author described everything he saw in intricate detail. This was one of the most notable characteristics of Hawthorne as an author. However, it does not end there. What appears more notable is his ability to submerge readers minds and imaginations From this point on, Hawthorn leads the readers into a closer and more intimate look of the country. One of Hawthornes most favorite features in his travels is the act of meeting various kinds of people. Although Italy may not really appear like a very large country, it is actually divided into 20 dynamic regions (Killinger 3). This division did not really help in creating a solid and a common identity in peoples values, traditions and way of life. Hence, traveling all over the country would seem like traveling to different places at the same time are the division also created considerable differences of each regions culture and setting. According to Killinger (2005), Italians are naturally industrious people. *Gondolier Venice (Killinger 6) Just what is shown in the photograph above, Italians have always been observed as some of the most hardworking and humble people in the world. Italian cities like Verona and Veneto have been very significant in the country for these are deemed as the economic leaders of the nation (5). As per Hawthornes work, the author appears to agree with this observation. The authors apparent amazement and high regard to the hard works and dedication of Italians to their craft became one of the most observable of the author’s observations. Aside from the people’s industry, the author also frequently mentions their positive and happy dispositions. Based on the author’s recount of his travel, it will appear like the Italians are some of the world’s happiest and worry-free people. Hawthorne would see them as people with hopes and positive attitudes about life. However aside from these attitudes, the most significant observation the author makes about Italians is their connection to religion and history. Religion is one of the most powerful influences within the Italian society. As what has been depicted in this work, Italy is basically denominated by the Roman Catholic religion. The author found it understandable that Italians are generally religious and spiritual since they are practically near some of the holiest places in the world, Rome and Vatican. Just like how he was able to describe the flamboyant and florid architectural designs of buildings, Hawthorne also did not fail to mention how apparent the influence of religion was in Italy’s environment and in people’s way of life. Considering that religion is one of the most important aspects in the lives of Italians, Hawthorne found it logical to stop by some religious monuments and churches. The influence of the Catholic Church’s primness has been very apparent in the author’s description. Most of the infrastructures were evidently influenced by religion and these monuments and structures have long served as people’s reminders of how important the church is to their lives. *Rome Trastevere, (liveworldtours) The photograph above is the famous Italian destination, the Rome Trastevere. These kinds of infrastructures – that hold images of saint-like creatures and the apparent representation of Jesus Christ – have been frequently mentioned in Hawthorne’s work. These depictions show how large and implicative the influence of the Roman Catholicism has been to the society’s setting and more significantly, to the people’s lives. And just like Hawthorne, Nickles (2001) also thought that the church has brought a lot of significant impacts on people’s lives. He even thought that the church has become an extension of people’s lives. Nickles notes, â€Å"The Roman Catholic Church plays a large part in people’s lives. People ask their priest for advice on personal issues. They visit shrines across the country. The shrines are devoted to Jesus, Mary, and different saints. Some people go simply to worship, but others who are sick visit in hope that they will be cured† (Nickles 8). The same observation was done by Hawthorne. The author emphasized on the fact that Italy has been enclosed by several conservative Catholic institutions. On his daily walks along Italian streets, his expectation of seeing infrastructures and objects with Catholic influences never failed him. Italy is known for remarkable architecture and art. And because of people’s dedication to religion, Roman Catholicism has also been apparent in their buildings and art works. This was supported by Killinger who also looked at the Religious aspect of the Italian culture and history. He notes, â€Å"Because its churches maintain a commanding presence in every city and village in the peninsula, it might be assumed that Roman Catholicism dominates Italian culture. While that influence is substantial, and while an overwhelming majority of Italians consider themselves to be Catholics, Italian culture is much more secular and diverse than outward appearances might suggest. In part, this diversity derives from two largely secular, historical forces that converged with the Christian tradition to shape Italian Culture: The Roman Empire and the Italian Renaissance† (Killinger 41). Some bridges were filled with life-size statues of saints, and these have always served as attractions for tourists. Aside from this, the Roman art influences have also been apparent on dome structures such as churches and museum. Inside buildings, artworks depicting saints in their most heroic scenes can also be observed. Hawthorne would even say it was like walking through the height if Roman Catholicism during the 15th century. Every influence of the religion was preserved to the extent of making them look like they were there for the first time; that not several decades have passed. Below is an evident manifestation of this influence which has also been mentioned in Hawthorne’s description of city bridges in Italy. *Ponte Vittorio Emanuela II. (â€Å"Rome Pictures†, Bugbog. com) The photograph above shows a sophisticated bridge with evident influences of Roman architectures and Catholic imageries. The bridge was also made up of short arches and pillars that are evidently influenced by the Roman art. And apart from this, the imageries of saints appear to be the most evident influence of Roman Catholicism in this infrastructure. This observation was also shared by Nickles as he notes about the common impressions of tourists when seeing these structures along the cities of Itaky and the Vatican. He writes, â€Å"Worshipers and other visitors marvel at the Vatican’s beautiful, historic buildings. Many were designed by Italy’s most famous architects. The Vatican houses one of the world’s largest art collections. Thousands of pieces, from ancient Egyptian and Roman works to those of artists from the last few centuries, are found there† (Nickles 10). Hawthorne took note of his daily walks around the towns of Italy and he would also see religious rites and traditions being practiced everywhere that easily captured his attention and interest. These rites and traditions make it clear that people in Italy are one of the most compliant people when it comes to religion. Hawthorne was amazed by how dedicated people were to one religion which obviously has kept them united over the years. But apart from this, one of the most remarkable features in Italy is the ability of the people to preserve their history and ancient tradition as well. Hawthorne walks through the streets and marvels at the sights that give him an idea of what Italy was like years before. A lot of ancient infrastructure and art was preserved well that they were still able to reflect the dynamic and colorful history the country went through over the past centuries. Hawthorne notes that Italy can be considered to have one of the most amazing and richest cultures in the world. The country’s passion for art and culture has been very apparent, and Hawthorne was easily brought to a thought that this has been going on since the earliest times of Italy under the Roman Empire. And just like Hawthorne, Nickles also supported this observation. The author notes, â€Å"Italy has one of the richest cultures in the world. The history, arts, customs and beliefs of its people stretch back to ancient times. Since before the Roman Empire, which ruled Italy 2, 000 years ago, powerful leaders have encouraged painters, sculptors, musicians, poets, and other artists to create masterpieces† (Nickels 4) In Hawthorne’s travel notes, he mentions historic places that seemed like they did not passed the centuries. The sculptures were as marvelous as they were when they were still new. Below is the photograph of a famous sculpture in Italy found in the Capitoline Museums. *The Capitoline Museum, Palazzo Conservatori Entrance (â€Å"The Capitoline Museums†, Buogbog. com) It is sculptures like this that make Italy’s history easier and more interesting to study. Hawthorne admits that History can always be one of the most tiresome subject matters; however, the history and art of Italy seem to make this topic quite more stimulating and engaging to explore. The traces of the Roman civilization was said to be apparent in every structure and tradition that people practice. For the author, it would seem like looking through the past of Italy even though his feet were situated at present times. The Context of Hawthorne’s Work Based on the author’s manner of presentation of the specific features of the Italian culture and history, it would easily be assumed that the author has a particular leaning and interest in art and history. Hawthorne’s descriptions and explanations of the most important highlights in Italy reveal a deep interest and passion for history and culture. The author spoke in intricate details, and each structure and tradition was presented as vivid as picture to the reader’s eyes which apparently reflects the author’s attentiveness to such features. A lot of critics have already noted that Hawthorne has been deeply affected by the materialistic view of the Puritan times. This was one of the reasons why the author preferred emphasizing on natural and immaterial treasures such as culture, history and tradition. During his generation, not so many readers were actually interested in studying and exploring history as much as he wanted them to do so; hence, he found his own initiative to advocate history and culture by setting his own feet to travel, taking notes of his experiences and learning, and share them to people. Furthermore, although a lot of people found this effort very unlikely of Hawthorne as he was previously observed to delve more on literature and poetry, a lot of critics claimed that he was actually made for works like this as his words on culture and history sounded credible, appropriate and effective. And despite the shifts and transitions in genre and literary style, Hawthorne was nevertheless seen to stand by his own perspectives in writing as what can be observed in this work and what has been observed by a lot of other critics. â€Å"For more than a century, despite the changes in perspective and methodology, the verdict on Hawthorne’s stature has remained virtually constant. The critical consensus continues to be that Hawthorne was a shrewd and larger-minded writer who read widely and pondered deeply about the human condition and American identity from Puritan times to his own. Though afflicted by self-doubt and constrained by a materialistic society that did not adequately reward serious artists, he created texts whose power, profundity, and artistry command our attention† (â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne [1804-1864]†) This critical recognition with all the past receptions of Hawthorne and Hawthorne’s work show that, he basically wrote under the needs of his time. He saw the need for learning of history and culture; hence, he wrote under that necessity. Comparison with the Author’s Other Works Hawthorne was basically known for his poetry. This was the basic reason why a lot of critics was surprised when he ventured on writing travel logs like this and works on history and culture. However, as it appears, this kind of work is not actually away from Hawthorne’s literary expertise. He has already worked on several novels with similar emphasis on history and culture such as Notes of Travel of his tour in England. Much like this work, this novel also presents –in intricate detail – the dynamic culture and history of the cities in England. In several ways, Hawthorne’s objective in this work also appears similar with his objectives in his other works which is to promote a deeper and a more passionate attitude towards one’s own culture and history. And though he was well known for poetry, he was nonetheless able to associate his interest in history and culture in most of his works such as in Scarlett Letter. Generally, this work provides a comprehensive and an informational material in learning all about the Italian society. Apparently, this work was completed under the context of Hawthorne’s generation that evidently posted a need for learning history and culture. And evidently this work also appears like Hawthorne’s look at the past through the more critical eye of the present. Works Cited Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Notes of Travel V4. Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2008 Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Notes of Travel. BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2009 Killinger, Charles L. Culture and Customs in Italy. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005 Nickles, Greg. Italy: The Culture. Crabtree Publishing Company, 2001 Photograph â€Å"Gondolier Venice†. Culture and Customs in Italy. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005 Photograph â€Å"Ponte Vittorio Emanuela†. Rome Pictures Bugbog. com. Internet. 05 May 2010. http://www. bugbog. com/gallery/rome_pictures/rome_pictures. html. Photograph â€Å"Rome Trastevere†. â€Å"Rome Pictures† Rome. Live World Tours. Internet. 05 May 2010. http://www. liveworldtours. com/rome/details. html. Photograph â€Å"The Capitoline Museum, Palazzo Conservatori Entrance†. The Capitoline Museums. Bugbog. com. Internet. 05 May 2010. http://www. bugbog. com/gallery/rome_pictures/rome_pictures_15. html.

Application Of Microcontroller In Instrumentation Information Technology Essay

Application Of Microcontroller In Instrumentation Information Technology Essay A  microcontroller  is a small computer on a single  integrated circuit  consisting internally of a relatively simple CPU,  clock, timers, I/O ports, and memory. Program memory in form of   NOR flash  or   ROM  is also often included on chip, as well as a typically small amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are designed for small or dedicated applications. Thus, in contrast to the  microprocessors  used in   personal computers  and other high-performance or general purpose applications, simplicity is emphasized. Some microcontrollers may use four-bit words and operate at  clock rate  frequencies as low as 4  kHz as this is adequate for many typical applications, enabling low power consumption. They will generally have the ability to retain functionality while waiting for an event such as a button press or other interrupt; power consumption while sleeping (CPU clock and most peripherals off) may be just nano watts, making many of them well suited for long la sting battery applications. Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools, and toys. By reducing the size and cost compared to a design that uses a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it economical to digitally control even more devices and processes. Mixed signal microcontrollers are common, integrating analog components needed to control non-digital electronic systems. INTRODUCTION Embedded design A microcontroller can be considered a self-contained system with a processor, memory and peripherals and can be used with an  embedded system.  The majority of microcontrollers in use today are embedded in other machinery, such as automobiles, telephones, appliances, and peripherals for computer systems. These are called  embedded systems. While some embedded systems are very sophisticated, many have minimal requirements for memory and program length, with no operating system, and low software complexity. Programs Microcontroller programs must fit in the available on-chip program memory, since it would be costly to provide a system with external, expandable, memory. Compilers and assembler are used to turn high-level language and assembler language codes into a compact  machine code  for storage in the microcontrollers memory. Depending on the device, the program memory may be permanent, read-only memory that can only be programmed at the factory, or program memory may be field-alterable flash or erasable read-only memory. Other microcontroller features Many embedded systems need to read sensors that produce analog signals. This is the purpose of the  analog-to-digital converter  (ADC). Since processors are built to interpret and process digital data, i.e. 1s and 0s, they wont be able to do anything with the analog signals that may be sent to it by a device. So the analog to digital converter is used to convert the incoming data into a form that the processor can recognize. A less common feature on some microcontrollers is a  digital-to-analog converter  (DAC) that allows the processor to output analog signals or voltage levels. Time Processing Unit  (TPU) is a sophisticated timer. In addition to counting down, the TPU can detect input events, generate output events, and perform other useful operations. A dedicated  Pulse Width Modulation  (PWM) block makes it possible for the CPU to control power converters,  resistive  loads,  motors, etc., without using lots of CPU resources in tight timer  loops. Higher integration In contrast to general-purpose CPUs, micro-controllers may not implement an external address or data bus as they integrate RAM and non-volatile memory on the same chip as the CPU. Using fewer pins, the chip can be placed in a much smaller, cheaper package. A micro-controller is a single  integrated circuit, commonly with the following features central processing unit   ranging from small and simple 4-bit  processors to complex 32- or 64-bit processors discrete input and output bits, allowing control or detection of the logic state of an individual package pin. APPLICATION OF MICROCONTROLLER IN INSTRUMENTATION LIST OF MICROCONTROLLER BASED PROJECTS 1. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C51 BASED METRO TRAIN PROTOTYPE USING LCD: The project shows resemblance as you are travelling in metro train. It will display three stations at LCD and a stepper motor to rotate clock or anti-clock wise. 2. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C51 BASED VOTING MACHINE: The voting system for four candidates with memory backup to restore the results to be viewed with password. Now-a-days Electronic voting machines are being used effectively. The confidence of the voter in its flawless working is gradually building up and these machines are thus becoming quite popular throughout the country. Features of the electronic voting machine include avoidance of invalid votes and reduction of counting time and the consequent expenditure incurred on manpower deployment. By using the Microcontroller the voting machine can be built up easily and it will make simple to operate. 3. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C51 BASED TEXT EDITOR CUM MOVING MESSAGE DISPLAY: The project comprises 30 keys to edit any message in English. One can restore the message in memory IC. The 16 characters at a time can be view in running mode. 4. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C51 BASED FULL FUNCTION STEPPER MOTOR CONTROLLER: The project will operate the stepper motor in almost all modes viz. clock, anti -clock, speed and frequency control with time duration for both directions. 5. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C51 BASED WATER LEVEL CONTROLLER CUM MOTOR PROTECTOR: It can indicate the level and control the water pump at top level filling. The present concept implements controlling of pump which pumps water from the sump (underground tank) to the overhead tank, using 8951 microcontroller. The control panel, i.e. the main control unit of the system which consists of the primary control switches, pump indicator, siren and level indicators. The visual example of how switches And the indicators can be placed as shown the figure below. 6. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C51 BASED SIMPLE STEPPER MOTOR CONTROLLER: A simple stepper motor controller circuit with direction change only. A stepper motor (or step motor) is a brushless, synchronous electric motor that can divide a full rotation into a large number of steps. The motors position can be controlled precisely without any feedback mechanism (see Open-loop controller), as long as the motor is carefully sized to the application. Stepper motors are similar to switched reluctance motors (which are very large stepping motors with a reduced pole count, and generally are closed-loop commutated.) 7. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C51 BASED AUTO GEAR SHIFTING SYSTEM: The circuit shows the demo of auto shifting of gears using stepper motor with the change in speed of vehicle. One can change the speed of DC motor as actual vehicle running wheel. Motorcycle is widely used around the world and particularly in Pakistan. The gear shifting system of the motorcycle is conventionally manual. This paper covers development of an indigenous automatic gear shifting/changing system for the standard motorcycle. By this system the manual mechanical gear-shifting system will remain unchanged because an additional electro-mechanical system is placed on the vehicle to shift the gear and for automatic controlling the clutch. So the system has both the options manual as well as automatic. This system uses low-cost microcontrollers to make the accurate decision for shifting the gear up and down by observing the speed, and it controls the clutch transmission where necessary. The complete hardware and software has been tested and the functioning of the automatic gear sh ifting system is verified. This system is flexible and can be used with any motorcycle manufactured in Pakistan ranging from 50cc to 200cc. 8. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C51 BASED AUTO SPEED LIMITER WITH AUTO BREAKING: The project is to read the rpm of an automobile and according to that it limits the speed as Speed Governor. One can change the speed with variable control. This Project can be used with the three phase Induction motors. The circuit will take the full control of the motor and it will protect the motor from several faults such us over voltage and under voltage and the circuit will switch on the motor under safety conditions. The circuit was fully controlled by the microcontroller and the microcontroller wills continuously monitors the voltages of the three phases and if the voltage goes abnormal then it will switch off the motor until they are normal. All the conditions are displayed it over the LCD display. In our project we are using the popular 8 bit microcontroller AT89S52. It is a 40 pin microcontroller. 9. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C51 BASED FASTEST FINGER FIRST: Useful for Quiz games, dumb charades. It displays the player no. along with the beep for seven players. 10. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C51 BASED TEMPERATURE METER: It will display the room temperature on LCD and one can set the desired value to indicate the alarm or control at a desired temperature. It uses an ADC to interface with LM-35 sensor. 11. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C51 BASED INFRARED REMOTE CONTROLLED SWITCH BOARD: One can operate (on/off) four electrical devices with TV remote synchronized with circuit independently. 12. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C51 BASED RANK DISPLAY SYSTEM FOR RACE QUIZ COMPETITION WITH LCD: It can resolve the time difference (may be few milliseconds) and indicate the correct ranking between the individuals denoted A to H 13. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C51 BASED AUTO SPEED LIMITER/GOVERNER WITH AUTO BREAKING: The project is to read the rpm of a automobile and according to that it limits the speed as Speed Governor. One can change the speed with variable control. 14. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C51 BASED LINE FOLLOWER ROBOT: A Robotic car that follows the black line at the floor area based on IR sensors with transmitters and receivers. 15. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C51 BASED YES MASTER FOLLOWER: A robotic car that follows his master who is sending an IR transmission always. 16. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C51 BASED VOLTAGE/ POWER FACTOR / FREQUENCY METER: The project checks the electrical input factors as multifunction meter. 17. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C51 BASED RFID ATTENDENCE MONITOR: The project will show the names of person who had pressed the RFID key on LCD. One can use DATA encoder/decoder circuit. 18. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C2051 BASED FREQUENCY COUNTER USING LCD: The project will check the unknown frequency input up to 200 KHz. And display at LCD. 19. TRAFFIC SIGNAL CONTROL TRAFFIC MAN: It can actually control traffic with lights and humanoid robot police man rotating in all directions with hand movements for stop and go actions. This is a project comprises two stepper motors to perform the action. 20. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C2051 BASED IR WIRELESS FREQUENCY COUNTER: The project will check the unknown frequency input up to 200KHz. Coming from an IR source and display at LCD. 21. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C2051 BASED COUNTDOWN TIMER: The project performs the countdown operation for up to -99 minutes with two seven segments display showing actual time left to activate or de-activate the connected relay. 22. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C2051 BASED TEMPERATURE INDICATOR: The temperature of room can be displayed at LCD using a sensitive device DS 1621. 23. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C2051 BASED ALARM CLOCK: The unit display the time in Hr. Min. and one can set the alarm also for a desired time at Seven segment display. 24. MICROCONTROLLER AT-89C2051 BASED VEHICLE SPEEDOMETER CUM ODOMETER: The project comprises a dc motor speed controller circuit with reed sensor. It is being detected by this and displays the same at LCD in form of speed KmHr. and also display the distance covered by the vehicle. DETAIL OF SOME APPLICATION Microcontroller based Electronic Governor and Control System of a Mini-hydro Power Plant:- This project is absolute requirement to develop small-scale power plants. The idea is described in the introduction. Then there are some details about the functionality of the system. That is described in both user aspect and technical aspect. The idea will lead to fully automated power plants with remote access, while it is lower cost. Some attractive future development proposals will be at the end of the technical details. INTRODUCTION In brief our project is an Microcontroller based Electronic Governor Control System for Mini Hydro Power Plant. The courses of selecting this project were the expanding the features of the presently available mechanical governor systems and improve the remote controllability of the system in user-friendly manner. In this invention we selected specific mini hydro plant to consideration because of several limitations. The governor of a mini-hydro power plant considers as a heart of the system. It controls the output power and makes the generator frequency up to the grid frequency by utilizing the available water supply to the turbine. Those operations are achieved by controlling the gate valves of the turbine. Almost all the turbine units use this method of control and it comprises of a mechanical actuator and electrical control device to give the desired command signals to the actuator to open or close valves appropriately. Commercially available electronic governors are very expensive. It is very difficult to find a suitable commercial product for a particular power plant and not easy to tune them to reach the best operating condition. Therefore our main focus was to implement an electronic governor system for a user specific circumstance. So the initial stage, we studied the entire control system of a mini-hydro power plant that is situated at Niriella. Then we decided to develop this electronic governor system using newly promoted micro-controller technology. Other than the basic governor operations we impl emented several new features. To interact with the micro-controller some of the electronic devices were re-implemented. BASIC OPERATION Although its called an Electronic governor control system, it consists of some plant automating functions as well. All those functions can be categorized as follows. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Starting and shutting down sequences of the plant. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Frequency controlling until the generator is synchronized with the national grid. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Manual and automatic control of the power output. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Quick safety actions in fatal faulty conditions. FUNCTIONAL UNITS The entire system is an integration of several functional units. The system software controls those units. 1. Generator Frequency Counter 2. Grid Frequency Counter 3. Water Level Sensor 4. Valve Position Sensor 5. Stepper Motor Driver 6. Emergency Circuit Breaker unit 7. Main Board LCD interfacing with Microcontrollers Introduction The most commonly used Character based LCDs are based on Hitachis HD44780 controller. In this we will discuss about character based LCDs, their interfacing with various microcontrollers, various interfaces (8-bit/4-bit), programming, special stuff and tricks you can do with these simple looking LCDs which can give a new look to your application. Pin Description The most commonly used LCDs found in the market today are 1 Line, 2 Line or 4 Line LCDs which have only 1 controller and support at most of 80 charachers, whereas LCDs supporting more than 80 characters .Most LCDs with 1 controller has 14 Pins and LCDs with 2 controller has 16 Pins (two pins are extra in both for back-light LED connections). Keypad circuit diagram Usually these days you will find single controller LCD modules are used more in the market. So in the tutorial we will discuss more about the single controller LCD, the operation and everything else is same for the double controller too. Lets take a look at the basic information which is there in every LCD. LCD Initialization Before using the LCD for display purpose, LCD has to be initialized either by the internal reset circuit or sending set of commands to initialize the LCD. It is the user who has to decide whether an LCD has to be initialized by instructions or by internal reset circuit. We will discuss both ways of initialization one by one. Initialization by instructions Initializing LCD with instructions is really simple. Given below is a flowchart that describes the step to follow, to initialize the LCD. LCD initialization flow chart Figure 8: Flow chart for LCD initialization As you can see from the flow chart, the LCD is initialized in the following sequence 1) Send command 0x30 Using 8-bit interface 2) Delay 20ms 3) Send command 0x30 8-bit interface 4) Delay 20ms 5) Send command 0x30 8-bit interface 6)Delay 20ms 7) Send Function set see Table 4 for more information 8)Display Clear command 9) Set entry mode command explained below The first 3 commands are usually not required but are recommended when you are using 4-bit interface. So you can program the LCD starting from step 7 when working with 8-bit interface. Programming example for LCD Initialization CODE: LCD_data equ P2      LCD Data port LCD_D7    equ P2.7   LCD D7/Busy Flag LCD_rs    equ P1.0   LCD Register Select LCD_rw    equ P1.1   LCD Read/Write LCD_en    equ P1.2   LCD Enable LCD_init:               mov    LCD_data,#38H   Function set: 2 Line, 8-bit, 57 dots               clr    LCD_rs                           clr    LCD_rw            We are writing in instruction register               setb   LCD_en                        clr    LCD_en               acall LCD_busy      Wait for LCD to process the command               mov    LCD_data,#0FH   Display on, Curson blinking command               clr    LCD_rs                           clr    LCD_rw            We are writing in instruction register               setb   LCD_en                        clr    LCD_en               acall LCD_busy          Wait for LCD to process the command               mov    LCD_data,#01H   Clear LCD               clr    LCD_rs                           clr    LCD_rw            We are writing in instruction register               setb   LCD_en                        clr    LCD_en               acall LCD_busy         Wait for LCD to process the command               mov    LCD_data,#06H   Entry mode, auto increment with no shift               clr    LCD_rs             Selected command register               clr    LCD_rw            We are writing in instruction register               setb   LCD_en                        clr    LCD_en               acall LCD_busy    Wait for LCD to process the command               ret                            Digital Countdown Timer (AT89C2051) A simple count-down LED timer that counts in minutes and seconds. Three buttons below the LED provide control of the unit, allowing you set the desired countdown time in minutes and seconds and a start/stop button. Completion of the countdown is indicated by an alarm that starts when the countdown has finished and the display reads zero. The alarm is stopped by pressing the start/stop button. Circuit diagram:- count AUTOMATIC SOLAR TRACKER AUTOMATIC SOLAR TRACKER starts following the SUN right from dawn, throughout the day, till evening, and starts all over again from dawn next day. On cloudy weathers, it remains still and catches the SUN again as it slips out of clouds. It does all this automatically, employs cheap and inexpensive components, and is very accurate. Let us see how it does all this. There are three Electronic Modules to be explained. First one is the HORIZONTAL SENSOR MODULE. It employs the timer 555 in the MONOSTABLE MODE. PIN 2(Trigger Pin of 555) is hooked up with a VOLTAGE DIVIDER NETWORK (PLEASE see FIGURE 2). PIN 4(Reset) is hooked up with ANOTHER VOLTAGE DIVIDER NETWORK.   Fig 1: Block diagram of the tracker following the sun all through  Fig 1: Block diagram of the tracker following the sun all through fig 4: Stepper motor control board  Fig: Stepper motor control board I have only shown the Horizontal Motor Control Circuit. The Vertical One uses a similar Decade Counter, NPN Transistors, and Diodes (to encounter BACK EMF of Power Transistors due to Fast Switching). I chose for a Steep Angle of 2 Degrees for the Unipolar Steppers. They are driven in a Normal 4 Step Sequence, first coil A is energised simultaneously with coil B, then coil C with coil D. Thus the Motors rotate by 2 degrees each time. The Charging Interval is almost in synchronism with the steps/second speed of the motors, to avoid false triggering. STEPPER MOTOR Introduction This section will explain you everything that you need to know about stepper motors. Stepper motors can be used in various areas of your microcontroller projects such as making robots, robotic arm, automatic door lock system etc. This tutorial will explain you construction of stepper motors, basic principal, different controlling types (Half step and Full step), Interfacing Techniques (using L293D or ULN2003) and programming your microcontroller in C and assembly to control stepper motor. Unipolar stepper motor The unipolar stepper motor has five or six wires and four coils (actually two coils divided by centre connections on each coil). The centre connections of the coils are tied together and used as the power connection. They are called unipolar steppers because power always comes in on this one pole. Bipolar stepper motor The bipolar stepper motor usually has four wires coming out of it. Unlike unipolar steppers, bipolar steppers have no common centre connection. They have two independent sets of coils instead. You can distinguish them from unipolar steppers by measuring the resistance between the wires. You should find two pairs of wires with equal resistance. If youve got the leads of your meter connected to two wires that are not connected (i.e. not attached to the same coil), you should see infinite resistance (or no continuity). As already said, we will talk mostly on Unipolar stepper motors which is most common type of stepper motor available in the market. A simple example of 6 lead step motor is given below and in 5 lead step motor wire 5 and 6 are joined together to make 1 wire as common. Unipolar stepper motor coils Working of Stepper Motor Now lets discuss the operation principal of a stepper motor. When we energize a coil of Stepper motor, the shaft of stepper motor (which is actually a permanent magnet) align itself according to poles of energized coil. So when motor coils are energized in a particular sequence, motor shaft tend to align itself according to pole of coils and hence rotates. A small example of energizing operation is given below. working principal of stepper motor You can see in the example, when coil A is energized, A north-south polarity is generated at A+A as shown in the figure above and magnetic shaft automatically align itself according to the poles generated. When the next coil is energized the shaft again aligns itself and takes a step. Hence , the working principal. working principal of stepper motor We have seen that to make the stepper motor work, we need to energize coil in a sequence. The explanation and generation of the sequence is explained in the next section of the tutorial. Stepper Motor interfacing with Microcontrollers: Programming Stepper motor Programming Full step Sequence I am assuming that stepper motor is connected at Port 1.0 to Port 1.3. Adjusting the delay will increase or decrease the speed of the motor. Here just for demonstration i have taken some delay, you can change it as you want.    org 0H stepper equ P1 main:             mov stepper, #0CH             acall delay             mov stepper, #06H             acall delay             mov stepper, #03H             acall delay             mov stepper, #09H             acall delay             sjmp main delay:             mov r7,#4 wait2:             mov r6,#0FFH wait1:             mov r5,#0FFH wait:             djnz r5,wait             djnz r6,wait1             djnz r7,wait2             ret             end The working of the above code can be seen in the demo animation below. unipolar stepper motor in full step sequence Programming Half step Sequence Assembly Programming: Here also the main routine changes rest everything remains same. CODE: main:             mov stepper, #08H             acall delay             mov stepper, #0CH             acall delay             mov stepper, #04H             acall delay             mov stepper, #06H             acall delay             mov stepper, #02H             acall delay             mov stepper, #03H             acall delay             mov stepper, #01H             acall delay             mov stepper, #09H             acall delay             sjmp main The working of the above code can be seen in the demo animation below. unipolar stepper motor in half step sequence Water level indicator cum controller Water level indicator is which pumps water from the sump (unrepresented concept implements controlling of pump reground tank) to the overhead tank, using 8951 microcontroller. The control panel i.e. the main control unit of the system which consists of the primary control switches, pump indicator, siren and level indicators. The visual example of how switches. And the indicators can be placed as shown the figure below. Front view of the model Front view of the model In the figure shown above there are total of nine LEDs, four of which indicates the water level in the tank, another four indicates the water level in the sump and one LED indicates whether the pump is ON/OFF. It also consists of three switches. 1. Switch 1 is the main power switch which is used to activate the system. 2. Switch 2 is used to select whether to operate the pump in AUTO or MANUAL mode. 3. Switch 3 comes to picture only when the system is operated in MANUAL mode. It controls the direct activation of the pump. Description: This system is built around an 8951 microcontroller and the circuit diagram is as given below. Circuit diagram of Water level indicator cum controller As you can see in the above diagram, port 0 is exclusively used as an input port which takes the information regarding the water level in the sump as well as in the overhead tank. Port 1 is used as output port which is connected to the indicator that indicates the water level in both the tanks. Port 2 is used as in/out port, it takes the input from switch 2 and switches 3 and gives the output which is connected to pump indicator, siren and the relay which controls the switching of the pump. Working of the system: There are two modes of working for the system 1. Manual mode 2. Auto mode Manual mode: When the system is active and in manual mode, it only indicates the water levels in the tanks and it doesnt control any working of the pump. To activate the pump in manual mode switch 3 is used. In this mode the operator should manually control the working of the pump. As in case if the tank is full, operator should switch of the pump which is not the case when compared to auto mode. Auto mode: When the system is active and in auto mode, it only indicates the water levels in the tanks and it controls the working of the pump. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This is the easiest way to make the Host Computer to pin connection. The next step is actually using this connection to download programs to the internal memory and to receive debug information through the IC. Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices, such as automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools, and toys. By reducing the size and cost compared to a design that uses a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it economical to digitally control even more devices and processes. Mixed signal microcontrollers are common, integrating analog components needed to control non-digital electronic systems.

Roles And Responsibilities Of Trade Union Management Essay

Roles And Responsibilities Of Trade Union Management Essay Trade Union is defined in the Employment Relations Act 2008 (Appendix 1) as an association of persons, whether registered or not, having as one of its objects the regulation of employment relations between workers and employers The Trade Union or Labour Union movement is a continuous and voluntary association whose membership comprises of salary earners, employees and union leaders. Those members have bonded together motivated by a simple motto Unity makes strength. Workers will therefore utilise trade unions as their representative voice when dealing with employers or on the board of directions. Independently, the workers do not bear the power to defy the top management. Therefore they grouped and seek to institute their terms and conditions of employments. When they realised that negotiating as an individual, the manager would be more powerful, due to the fact that an individual would not matter as much a group in regard of running an organisation. According to Cunnison, Trade Union is a monopolistic combination of wage earners who stand to the employers in a relation of dependence for the sale of their labour and even for the production, and that the general purpose of the association in view of that dependence is to strengthen their power to bargain with the employers The main role of trade union is to ensure the welfare of its members such as safeguarding the interests of its members, protecting the reliability of its trade, achieving higher wages by securing economic benefits. It also optimises the working conditions at the workplace and guarantees a job security while protecting members against unfair dismissal at workplace. Through its leadership, trade union engages in collective bargaining, whereby labour contracts are negotiated with the employers. Also it acts as a recruiting manager, the Union leaders interfere with the recruitment and selection of the company, its intention is to maximise the number of employees an employer can hire. 2.2 Hierarchy of Trade Unions There is a hierarchy in Unions, we had identified; the confederation, the federations and the trade unions. Regarding the confederation, there are one main which is Mauritius Labour Congress and it is affiliated to the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU).In the category of federation there are; National Trade Union Confederation (NTUC) which is affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) and the Mauritius Trade Union Congress (MTUC). Finally, the trade unions which are affiliated to the NTUC; The Federation of Civil Service Unions, Federation of Progressive Unions, Federation des Travailleurs Unis, Confederation Mauriciennes des Travailleurs, General Workers Federation and Federation of Free Workers. 2.3 Structure of Trade Union The trade unions structure is divided into several parts, namely: The Annual Delegates Congress It is the authority which governs the federation. The Executive Council It comprises of one representative of each affiliates which is usually the secretary or the president and the Bureau members and two observers per affiliates. Once every two months they conduct meeting regarding applications for affiliates from trade unions and affiliation of the Federation to any local, regional or international organisation promoting the interest of the workers and to discuss disagreements between different affiliates. Meeting can be scheduled on the demand of the President or the Bureau or of the members of the Executive Council too. The Bureau It comprises of the President, the General Secretary and the eight elected members. Among them, one is the 1st Vice president and another is the 2nd vice president, a 3rd as Assistant Treasurer and a fourth one who is the organising secretary. President He represents the Federation and he is the spokesman of the federation. General secretary The General Secretary arranges meetings and draw up the minutes of the meeting. Along with the General Secretary, Deputy General Secretary and the Assistant General make up the Secretariat of Federation. Treasurer He is in charge of the accounts of the federation. Organising Secretary He is in charge of organising events like training sessions, seminars, workshop among others. Public Relation Officer He deals with the media for conferences, coverage, reports and other information that will be published by the media. 2.4 Nature and Scope of Trade Union The existence of an influential and recognised trade union is a pre-requisite to the industrial development pace of the country. With modernization in different sectors and the formation of new one such as the technological one as well as the tourism sector, human resources were required. However, mistreatment of the Mauritian labour force appears. This is where the trade union emerged; they ensured that the human rights of their members are respect as per the laws and the constitution. Trade Unions are currently considered as a sub-system which attends a precise sub-groups interest. When defending a particular sector they consider themselves as an integral part of the organisation in respect to the feasibility, growth and development of the community of which they formed part of. The influence of Trade Unions is of key importance for their members in the following ways: First, they are more effective and efficient when the need of negotiation is required between employers and employees by attempting to create a win-win situation. They facilitate the flow of communication between workers and the management, by providing the guidance and support to both of them. The Union leaders will seek a health and safety in the working environment. In addition, they also act as an educational institution; they provide different types of courses to their members. They also accelerate the pace of economic development for instance; they act as a recruiting and selecting agent for the unemployed workers, managing conflicts in the organisation, inculcating corporate social responsibilities to the members among others. 2.5 Objectives of trade unions. The main body of a trade union usually consists of individual workers, sometimes professionals and past workers. Their primary aim is to ensure that the employment conditions of employees are respected and that fair working conditions are offered. However, trade unions also engage in issues like: Negotiation Representation Information and advice Member services Negotiation One of the main targets of trade unions is to negotiate with employers about the matters affecting their members and other employees at work. If a union is formally recognised by an employer, it can negotiate with the employer over terms and conditions. These negotiations are commonly known as collective bargaining. Any trade union works to protect and advance the interests of its members. One of the ways it achieves this is by collectively bargaining with employers about the pay and conditions under which its members work. The negotiation process normally deals with matters such as working rules and regulations, complaint procedures, hiring principle, dismissing or promoting employees, workplace safety and policies etc. Some trade unions even have the power to negotiate rates of pay, bonuses for target achievement, employment conditions and job descriptions on behalf of the employees. For collective bargaining to be effective, unions and employers need to agree on how the arrangement is to operate. The objective of that collective bargaining or negotiation process is to settle with a mutual agreement also known as collective agreement between the management and the trade union. Representing Body Employees and other workers have the right to be accompanied at a disciplinary or grievance hearing. They can either choose a co-worker or a union representative. Often, the union representative, will be a workplace representative who is also a co-worker and will support the employee on the board meeting. Information and Advice If someone forms part of a union he/she can also ask them for advice. Unions are experts at solving problems at work. Trade unions provide staff with information, advice and guidance about any work related problems. Member Service Trade unions provide its members with a variety of services such as training, insurance, financial assistance and legal advices, sickness benefits, education facilities in some cases, guarantee of satisfactory work conditions in areas such as health and safety as well as equal opportunities. Voice in decision affecting Workers Trade unions act as a spokesperson for the staff. When matters concerning an individual employee or a group of workers arise, the trade unions job is to voice out the problem in order to negotiate for a solution. In case no agreement is settled or respected, the trade union members may enforce strikes or resistance to lockouts. They can also intervene in order to resist schemes of the management which reduce employment, e.g. restructuring and automation 2.6 Types of Trade Union Craft or Occupation Union. This type of union was the earliest type developed, it comprised of employees of a particular craft or skill regardless of place of work. The advantage of craft unionism is the sense of solidarity, as there is a feeling of common interest between the members. In addition, as this union bears skilled workers, they have a good economic position for collective bargaining. On the other side, more and more new mechanical devices were being developed, the need for large numbers of skilled workers decreased. One- Shop Union or House Union The one-shop union organizes all workers in the same establishment or factory. This type of union has the advantage of being relatively easy to organize because all workers share a common goal in securing a good collective agreement for their particular factory. However, as it is small, it has little bargaining power and it is easily dominated by management. Common Employer Union. 2.7 Characteristic of Trade Union Trade unions have shown remarkable progress since their inception in Mauritius and as the union is an essential and dynamic aspect of the society it bears special characteristics such as: Trade Union come together for common goals and interest The members have some materials of collective interest such as improving working conditions, better wages, benefits, job security among others. The trade unions have the right to contest a managerial decision, if they considered that their members are at risk with the outcome. Trade Union is an association of workers and salary earners: Unions are essentially a cooperative labour marketing association whose aim is to safeguard human rights on one or more labour market. In addition, they also bear a hand in the progress of the society, cultural interest and political views of its members. Trade unions have been implemented so as each sector of the working class bear a specific union. Mauritius therefore bears different Union association such as: Agricultural Research Extension Unit (AREU) Mauritius Labour Congress (MLC) Mauritius Trade Union Congress (MTUC) National Trade Union Confederation (NTUC) Trade Unions are basically voluntary organizations: Members of any trade union are voluntary in nature. They are completely free to become a member of a Trade Union or not; none is constrained to subscribe to a Trade Union. If any individual is forced to join a Union, the very essence of trade of trade unionism is defeated. Unions are egalitarian bodies: The Unions are self-governed; this is the reason why they can effectively act in our society. The union leaders are voted by the members and perform as per the Trade Union Act. The Trade Union is a continuous association Union is not a daily affair. In order to work effectively for their adherents they ask a long term membership Constant evolution in the characteristic of Trade Union With this dynamic era, the union continually update their techniques and amend their work. With new complications in the workplace, the unions need to find infinite approaches so as to serve the union members. Rapport with the Management: The unions have the responsibility to improve the employers and employees relationship. They go through the process of negotiation and collective bargaining with the direction of the members organisation concerning their problems. In so doing, the employer and employee relationship is enriched and enhance the quality and welfare of the employees. 2.8 Functions of Trade Unions Broadly speaking, trade unions perform two types of functions: Militant Function Amongst the various activities performed by trade unions is the betterment of the position of their members in relation to their employment. The aim of such activities is to ensure that all the clauses of the hiring and psychological contract are respected. When the union fails to accomplish these aims through collective bargaining and negotiation, in extreme conditions they adopt drastic measures in the form of go-slow, strike, boycott, work sabotage etc. to make the management react and reconsider their requests. Hence, these functions of the trade unions are known as militant or fighting functions. Fraternal Function Another actions performed by trade unions are to provide help to its members in needy times, and improving their efficiency. Trade unions try to nurture a spirit of cooperation, mutual aid and promote friendly relationships and sharing of knowledge and culture among their colleagues. In some cases, they also arrange for legal assistance. Besides, these, they undertake many welfare measures for their members, e.g., school for the education of children, library, reading-rooms, in-door and out-door games, and other recreational facilities. These activities, which may be called fraternal functions, obviously depend on the availability of funds, which the unions raise by subscription from members and donations from outsiders, and also on their competent and enlightened leadership. Another broad classification of the functions of unions may be as follows: Intra-mural activities: These deals with whatever happens on the site of work and has direct impact on employees e.g. wages, strikesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Extra-mural activities: These activities help the employees to maintain and improve their efficiency or productivity e.g., methods intended to foster a spirit of cooperation, promote friendly relationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Political activities: Modern trade unions also take up political activities to achieve their objectives. Such activities may be related to the formation of a political party or those reflecting an attempt to seek influence on public policy relating to matters connected with the interests of working class Other Functions Trade unions have a number of functions, one more important than the other depending on the situations; however the five main general principles developed have been: The service function The representative function The regulatory function The government function The public administration function The service function This involves the delivery of services and assistance to the union members. The representative function This implies that the trade union will act like a delegate for the members at the workplace. The regulatory function This enables trade unions to actively participate in rule-making over the workplace. This can be done either: directly multi-employer collective bargaining e.g. through the Joint Industrial Council Or indirectly through regulatory legislation The government and public administration function Trade unions engage with the government to assure that they can accomplish their respective function within the law. Trade unions also play an important role in: improving bottom-up communication in order to increase commitment of employees in meeting the organizations objectives negotiating improvements to pay and working conditions to retain the people encouraging companies to invest in training and development for better performance and personal as well as professional development of employees acting as a positive change agent thus gaining employees support for the smooth running of the organization Protecting the interests of employees by taking active participation in the management. safeguarding organizational stability, growth, and leadership

One Soldier Staring Death in the Face :: Interview Essays

One Soldier Staring Death in the Face War is full of violence and death. This violence and death causes severe emotional trauma. I myself cannot imagine what war is like, or what it is like to have someone I love go off to war. I know I'm lucky because of this. When a loved one goes to war, they may die, they will be scared, and they will be gone. Worst of all, their fate is unknown. Any person that loves another, whether it be a spouse, parent, sibling, or friend, will feel sorrow when seeing that loved one go to war. I have seen some of the horrors of war retold in movies, books, pictures, interviews, and television. To me, war is also interesting. The History Channel has always sparked my attention especially WWII specials. I have read Just and Unjust Wars by Michael Walzer and On War and Morality by Robert Holmes. These books have given me philosophical viewpoints of Just War Theory and Pacifism. Just War Theorists believe that war can be justified with a just cause for the war and fighting humanely. Pacifists believe that war is immoral and cannot be justified by any means. After both of these reading I gained many new viewpoints on war, but I still remained uncertain about war. To help solve this dilemma I interviewed a person with first hand experience in war. I believe that interviewing an actual war veteran is the most effective way of learning about war. Brooks Henderson Jr. (277806) of the United States Marine Corps, Third Defense Battalion is a veteran of WWII. He entered the Marine Corps on November 26 1939, in hopes of becoming a Marine Guard of the American Embassy in China. Instead he was among the first Marines to step on Midway Island in 1940 to fortify the island for a possible war in the Pacific. Next he was sent to Pearl Harbor. There he remained in the Marine barracks and trained, specifically with the U.S. 90mm. Anti-Aircraft Gun and the U.S. Army Bofors. The 90mm shoots a twenty-one pound shell in any direction at a distance of 13,500 yards at twenty-eight rounds a minute (Kirk and Young 263). The Bofors are a much smaller anti-aircraft gun that is fully automatic but has no tracking system; the operator has to aim and shoot, unlike the 90mm that had data and a controller to help aim. One Soldier Staring Death in the Face :: Interview Essays One Soldier Staring Death in the Face War is full of violence and death. This violence and death causes severe emotional trauma. I myself cannot imagine what war is like, or what it is like to have someone I love go off to war. I know I'm lucky because of this. When a loved one goes to war, they may die, they will be scared, and they will be gone. Worst of all, their fate is unknown. Any person that loves another, whether it be a spouse, parent, sibling, or friend, will feel sorrow when seeing that loved one go to war. I have seen some of the horrors of war retold in movies, books, pictures, interviews, and television. To me, war is also interesting. The History Channel has always sparked my attention especially WWII specials. I have read Just and Unjust Wars by Michael Walzer and On War and Morality by Robert Holmes. These books have given me philosophical viewpoints of Just War Theory and Pacifism. Just War Theorists believe that war can be justified with a just cause for the war and fighting humanely. Pacifists believe that war is immoral and cannot be justified by any means. After both of these reading I gained many new viewpoints on war, but I still remained uncertain about war. To help solve this dilemma I interviewed a person with first hand experience in war. I believe that interviewing an actual war veteran is the most effective way of learning about war. Brooks Henderson Jr. (277806) of the United States Marine Corps, Third Defense Battalion is a veteran of WWII. He entered the Marine Corps on November 26 1939, in hopes of becoming a Marine Guard of the American Embassy in China. Instead he was among the first Marines to step on Midway Island in 1940 to fortify the island for a possible war in the Pacific. Next he was sent to Pearl Harbor. There he remained in the Marine barracks and trained, specifically with the U.S. 90mm. Anti-Aircraft Gun and the U.S. Army Bofors. The 90mm shoots a twenty-one pound shell in any direction at a distance of 13,500 yards at twenty-eight rounds a minute (Kirk and Young 263). The Bofors are a much smaller anti-aircraft gun that is fully automatic but has no tracking system; the operator has to aim and shoot, unlike the 90mm that had data and a controller to help aim.

An Indian Remembers :: essays papers

An Indian Remembers This paper is an attempt to discuss the biography of Mary Englund’s An Indian Remembers based on her childhood experiences in a Christian European convent. Her story starts from the day she is taken away from her family to be civilized in a distant residential school. Englund’s experience in the school could be described as European way of civilizing the young native people that includes compulsory assimilation, segregation, control and racism. The concept of civilization is perceived to be for the best interest of the Indian community, or at least this is what it seems to appear like. Thus, this paper will tackle the issues of methods used to civilize the Natives and its effects on Englund’s personality and mentality as well as the real purpose behind civilization. Is it really for the best interest of the Indian people or is it a form of exploitation of the Natives to benefit the European colonialists? Assimilation is one form used to civilize the native children. This seems to put Englund to a lot of curiosity eventually to confusions. On her first day in Mission, Englund learns about the assimilation policy implemented by the convent which draws out her curiosity about its purpose. In her experience, she learns that boys and girls live in separate buildings and wonders why. She appears curious and thus questions a lot but she gets no decent answer to satisfy her curiosity. Englund also observes girls being divided in groups to certain tables during meals and girls are assigned to different jobs, some goes to the dormitory while others to kitchen or classrooms. Again, she does not seem to understand the purpose of these procedures. This explains her ignorance about the system of a Christian convent. Anyhow, she seems to let go of her curiosity and simply accept it as a form of instruction she ought to follow with no question asked. With all these curiosities, she has possibly dev eloped a sense of confusion on why things are done in these manners. Another form used by the school is by segregation. Through this, Englund seems to suffer from isolation. Englund recalls when a priest takes her from her family (430). While she is expected to feel sad leaving her mother, she seems to feel nothing but excitement. She says that â€Å"We were left alone so many times we never had the tendency to say, ‘Well, I’m sorry I’m going to go away and leave my mother’ because we were alone most of the time.